Glottochronology is a method used in historical linguistics to estimate the time of divergence between languages based on the rate of change of their vocabulary. The technique operates on the premise that languages evolve and that this evolution can be quantified in terms of vocabulary replacement over time.

Moses is an open-source statistical machine translation (SMT) system that was designed to facilitate the development of machine translation systems. It was created by a team of researchers led by Philipp Koehn and is widely recognized in the field of natural language processing (NLP). Named after the biblical figure Moses, who is known for leading people to new lands, the system aims to lead users to better translation technologies.

A **Probabilistic Context-Free Grammar (PCFG)** is an extension of a context-free grammar (CFG) that associates probabilities with its production rules. In a standard CFG, each production rule defines how a non-terminal symbol can be replaced with a sequence of non-terminal and terminal symbols. In a PCFG, each production has an associated probability that reflects the likelihood of that production being applied in the parsing process.

The Centre for Statistics in Medicine (CSM) is a research organization based in the United Kingdom that focuses on the application of statistical methods and techniques in medical research. It is often associated with the analysis of clinical trials and other health-related studies, providing guidance on the design, analysis, and interpretation of data from these studies. The CSM aims to improve the quality and transparency of statistical practices in medical research, and it often engages in training, consultancy, and collaborative research projects.

The Justice Research and Statistics Association (JRSA) is a national organization based in the United States that focuses on the use of research and statistical data to inform and improve the criminal justice system. Founded in 1975, the JRSA serves as a resource for criminal justice researchers, practitioners, and policymakers by facilitating the sharing of information and promoting the use of evidence-based practices.

The Association of Road Racing Statisticians (ARRS) is a group focused on the collection, analysis, and dissemination of statistics related to road racing, including various types of running events like marathons, half marathons, and other road races. The organization typically works to promote the sport by tracking performance data, compiling records, and providing a repository of information for runners, race organizers, and fans.

The Irish Statistical Association (ISA) is a professional organization established to promote the study and application of statistics in Ireland. It aims to provide a forum for statisticians and those interested in statistical science to share knowledge, develop skills, and encourage the use of statistical methods in various fields, including academia, industry, government, and public policy. The ISA typically organizes events such as conferences, workshops, and seminars, facilitating networking opportunities and the exchange of ideas among practitioners and researchers.

The Italian Society of Economics, Demography, and Statistics (Società Italiana di Economia, Demografia e Statistica, or SIEDS) is a professional organization in Italy dedicated to the fields of economics, demography, and statistics. It serves as a platform for researchers, academics, and practitioners to share knowledge, research findings, and developments in these disciplines.

The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology (SMEP) is a professional organization focused on promoting the understanding and application of multivariate statistical methods in psychological research. Founded in 1979, SMEP serves as a forum for researchers who are interested in the use of advanced statistical techniques to analyze complex data, which is often necessary in psychology due to the multidimensional nature of human behavior. The society provides opportunities for members to share their research findings, collaborate on projects, and facilitate discussions on statistical methodologies.

The term "Croatian statisticians" generally refers to professionals and researchers in Croatia who specialize in statistics, data analysis, and related fields. These individuals may work in various sectors, including academia, government, private industry, and non-profit organizations. They are involved in statistical research, developing methodologies, analyzing data, and applying statistical techniques to inform policy, business decisions, and scientific research.

The term "Malian statisticians" refers to individuals who work in the field of statistics in Mali, a West African country. These statisticians may be involved in various activities such as data collection, analysis, interpretation, and the dissemination of statistical information related to various aspects of Malian society, including economics, health, education, and agriculture. Malian statisticians may work for government agencies, non-governmental organizations, academic institutions, or private companies.

Togolese statisticians refer to individuals from Togo, a country in West Africa, who specialize in statistics and statistical analysis. They may work in various fields including government, academia, healthcare, business, and social research, utilizing statistical methods to collect, analyze, and interpret data.

**Data Science** and **Predictive Analytics** are two interrelated fields that focus on extracting insights from data to inform decision-making and forecast future events. ### Data Science **Data Science** is an interdisciplinary field that combines various techniques from statistics, computer science, mathematics, and domain expertise to extract knowledge and insights from structured and unstructured data. It encompasses the entire data lifecycle, including data collection, cleaning, exploration, analysis, and visualization.

OpenIntro Statistics is an introductory statistics textbook and educational resource that aims to make statistical education more accessible and affordable. It is part of the OpenIntro project, which focuses on providing high-quality, open-source educational materials for statistics and data science. Key features of OpenIntro Statistics include: 1. **Open Access**: The textbook is available for free online, allowing students and educators to access it without financial barriers. It can also be printed at a low cost if physical copies are desired.

"Twisted: The Distorted Mathematics of Greenhouse Denial" is a book written by climate scientist Steven E. Koonin, published in 2021. The book critically examines the arguments and mathematical misunderstandings presented by climate change skeptics and denialists. Koonin seeks to clarify the scientific consensus around climate change and the role of greenhouse gases, countering misconceptions with evidence-based analysis and highlighting the importance of accurate data and modeling in understanding climate systems.

The "Annals of Statistics" is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes research articles in the field of statistics and its applications. It is known for featuring high-quality, rigorous research covering a wide range of statistical topics, including theoretical developments, methodologies, and applications in various scientific disciplines. The journal is published by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics and is highly regarded within the statistical community.

The American Statistical Association (ASA) publishes several academic journals that cover a wide range of topics within the field of statistics and its applications. Some of the notable journals include: 1. **The American Statistician**: This journal focuses on statistical practice, education, and theory. It aims to promote and disseminate statistical ideas and practice, often including articles relevant to a broad audience, from statisticians to practitioners in other fields.

A **covert channel** is a method used to transfer information in a way that violates the system's security policy. It allows communication between different processes or systems that isn't intended or permitted by the security mechanisms in place. Covert channels can be classified into two main types: 1. **Storage Channels**: These operate by altering a storage location that is accessible to both the sender and the receiver.

Johannes Trithemius (1462–1516) was a German Benedictine monk, scholar, and polymath known for his contributions to the fields of cryptography, history, and occult philosophy. He is best remembered for his writings on cryptography, particularly his work "Steganographia," which, while ostensibly dealing with cryptography, also includes elements of ceremonial magic and the occult.

The Chilean Journal of Statistics (Revista Chilena de Estadística) is a scientific journal that publishes research and articles in the field of statistics. The journal primarily focuses on issues relevant to statistical theory, methodologies, and applications, and it serves as a platform for researchers and practitioners to share their work with the broader statistical community. The publication typically includes original research articles, reviews, and possibly works related to statistical education and applications in various domains such as economics, social sciences, and environmental studies.