Shear stress is a measure of the intensity of internal forces acting parallel to a surface in a material. It arises when a force is applied tangentially to an area of a material, causing the layers of the material to slide past one another.

Covariance Intersection (CI) is a technique used in the field of Bayesian estimation and data fusion, particularly when it comes to combining estimates and uncertainties from different sources with potentially inconsistent or non-coherent covariance matrices. The basic idea is to merge these estimates in a way that preserves the integrity of the uncertainty information. In traditional Kalman filtering, a common approach is to simply take the average of multiple estimations.

Deadbeat control is a control strategy used in discrete-time control systems that aims to drive the system output to its desired value (setpoint) in the minimum possible time, effectively reaching the target in a finite number of sampling periods without any overshoot. The term "deadbeat" comes from the concept that the response of the system "dies" after the target is achieved, meaning that the control action rapidly stabilizes the system at the desired state without oscillations or lingering transient behavior.

The term "H square" can refer to different concepts depending on the context. Here are a few possible interpretations: 1. **Mathematics**: In a purely mathematical sense, "H square" could refer to the square of a variable H, denoted as H². This would be the result of multiplying H by itself.

Constructive realism is a philosophical approach that combines elements of constructive mathematics and realism. It emphasizes the idea that mathematical objects and theories are constructed by mathematicians rather than simply discovered as pre-existing entities. In constructive mathematics, a statement is considered true only if there is a constructive proof that demonstrates the existence of a mathematical object. This contrasts with classical mathematics, where existence can be asserted without necessarily providing a specific example.

Industrial process control refers to the methods and technologies used to manage and regulate industrial processes to ensure that they operate efficiently, safely, and consistently. This field encompasses a wide range of activities, including monitoring, automation, and feedback systems, with the goal of maintaining specific conditions within production environments. ### Key Components of Industrial Process Control: 1. **Control Systems**: These are the frameworks that manage and direct the operation of industrial processes.

Recursive economics is a concept that generally refers to economic models or analyses that utilize recursive methods to understand and evaluate economic behaviors and systems over time. The term "recursive" itself indicates that the process involves referencing or repeating a certain operation or set of operations. In the context of economics, recursive methods can often be found in: 1. **Dynamic Programming**: This approach is used to solve optimization problems where decisions are made at various time periods, and the outcomes depend on previous decisions.

Iterative Learning Control (ILC) is a control strategy designed to improve the performance of systems that operate in a repetitive manner, by learning from previous iterations or cycles of operation. This approach is particularly useful in applications where the same or similar tasks are performed repeatedly, such as robotic manipulation, manufacturing processes, and various kinds of automated systems. ### Key Features of ILC 1.

Minor loop feedback is a concept commonly used in control systems, particularly in the context of feedback control in electrical circuits and systems. It refers to a type of feedback loop that operates on a subset of the overall control system, specifically within a single control path or sub-system. In the context of major and minor loop feedback: 1. **Major Loop**: This typically refers to the primary feedback loop that encompasses the overall control dynamics of a system.

Standard Telephones and Cables (STC) is a company that was historically involved in the manufacturing of telecommunications equipment and related technologies. Founded in the early 20th century, STC became known for its production of telecommunication systems, cables, and devices, contributing to the development of telephone networks and infrastructure. The company played a significant role in the telecom sector, particularly in the UK, supplying equipment for both domestic and international markets.

Scenario optimization is a mathematical and computational approach used to make decisions under uncertainty by evaluating multiple possible future scenarios. This method is particularly relevant in fields such as finance, supply chain management, operations research, and energy systems, where outcomes can significantly vary based on uncertain factors. Here are the key elements of scenario optimization: 1. **Scenarios**: These are distinct representations of future states based on different assumptions regarding uncertain parameters.

A time-variant system is a type of system in which the system characteristics change over time. This means that the output response of the system to a given input can vary depending on when the input is applied. In contrast, a time-invariant system has consistent properties, and the response to an input is always the same, regardless of when the input is applied.

Ivan Cherednik is known for his contributions to the field of mathematics, particularly in areas related to representation theory and special functions. He is most recognized for his work on Cherednik algebras, which are an important topic in the intersection of algebra, geometry, and mathematical physics. Cherednik's research often involves the study of quantum groups, harmonic analysis, and combinatorial aspects of representation theory.

Uranium ruthenium silicide (often referred to as URuSi) is a compound that consists of uranium (U), ruthenium (Ru), and silicon (Si). It is of interest in the field of materials science and condensed matter physics due to its unique properties, which can include interesting electrical and magnetic behaviors.

Cosmic ray visual phenomena refer to visual effects or light flashes observed in various contexts, often attributed to the interaction between cosmic rays and matter. Cosmic rays are high-energy particles that originate from outer space and strike the Earth's atmosphere. When these high-energy particles enter the atmosphere, they can collide with atomic nuclei, producing secondary particles, including photons (light particles) as well as other types of radiation.

The "Oh-My-God particle" refers to an extremely high-energy cosmic ray particle that was detected in 1991. Specifically, it was observed by the Fly's Eye observatory in Utah, USA. This particle, with an energy of about 3.2 x 10²⁰ electronvolts (eV), is significantly more energetic than any particles produced in terrestrial particle accelerators, such as the Large Hadron Collider.

**Cosmographia** is a notable work written by the 12th-century philosopher and poet Bernardus Silvestris, also known as Bernard of Silvestre. This poem is one of the earliest examples of allegorical cosmology in medieval literature. The **Cosmographia** is structured as an epic poem and consists of seven books that explore the nature of the universe, integrating both Aristotelian philosophy and Christian theology.