Paging makes it easier to compile and run two programs or threads at the same time on a single computer.
For example, when you compile two programs, the compiler does not know if they are going to be running at the same time or not.
So nothing prevents it from using the same RAM address, say, 0x1234, to store a global variable.
And thread stacks, that must be contiguous and keep growing down until they overwrite each other, are an even bigger issue!
But if two programs use the same address and run at the same time, this is obviously going to break them!
Paging solves this problem beautifully by adding one degree of indirection:
(logical) ------------> (physical)
             paging
Where:
  • logical addresses are what userland programs see, e.g. the contents of rsi in mov eax, [rsi].
    They are often called "virtual" addresses as well.
  • physical addresses can be though of the values that go to physical RAM index wires.
    But keep in mind that this is not 100% true because of further indirections such as:
Compilers don't need to worry about other programs: they just use simple logical addresses.
As far as programs are concerned, they think they can use any address between 0 and 4 GiB (2^32, FFFFFFFF) on 32-bit systems.
The OS then sets up paging so that identical logical addresses will go into different physical addresses and not overwrite each other.
This makes it much simpler to compile programs and run them at the same time.
Paging achieves that goal, and in addition:
  • the switch between programs is very fast, because it is implemented by hardware
  • the memory of both programs can grow and shrink as needed without too much fragmentation
  • one program can never access the memory of another program, even if it wanted to.
    This is good both for security, and to prevent bugs in one program from crashing other programs.
Or if you like non-funny jokes:
Figure 1.
Comparison between the Linux kernel userland memory virtualization and The Matrix
. Source. Is this RAM real?
Rosenergoatom is a state-owned enterprise in Russia responsible for the operation and management of nuclear power plants in the country. It is a subsidiary of the Russian State Atomic Energy Corporation, Rosatom. Established to oversee the generation of nuclear energy in Russia, Rosenergoatom operates multiple nuclear power plants and is involved in various aspects of the nuclear energy sector, including the production of electricity, safety oversight, and the development of nuclear technology.
Graeffe's method is a numerical technique used for finding the roots of a polynomial. It is particularly useful in enhancing the accuracy of the roots and can also help in polynomial factorization. The method is named after the German mathematician Karl Friedrich Graeffe. ### Basic Idea: The main concept behind Graeffe's method is to iteratively transform the polynomial in such a way that the roots become more separated and easier to identify.
The Durand-Kerner method, also known as the Durand-Kerner iteration or the method of simultaneous approximations, is an algorithm used to find all the roots of a polynomial simultaneously. It is named after two mathematicians, Pierre Durand and Georg Kerner, who contributed to its development.
Halley's method is an iterative numerical technique used to find roots of real-valued functions. It is named after the astronomer Edmond Halley and is a generalization of Newton's method, which is also used for root-finding. Halley's method is particularly useful for finding roots when the function has multiple derivatives available, as it incorporates information from the first two derivatives.
Ștefan Micle refers to a historical figure from Romania, specifically a Moldavian politician and a notable figure associated with the 19th-century educational and cultural movements in the region. He was also the husband of the famous Romanian poetess, Veronica Micle. Additionally, "Ștefan Micle" is the name of an institution, such as a school or university, often named in honor of contributors to Romanian culture and education.
Constantin Miculescu does not appear to be a widely recognized figure or term as of my last knowledge update in October 2023. It is possible that he could be a private individual, a local figure, or a name that has gained significance after my last update.
As of my last knowledge update in October 2021, Steampacket is a company that provides network and telecommunications services. They are primarily known for offering a range of products including voice over IP (VoIP) services, managed network solutions, and other telecommunications infrastructure services.
Python Lee Jackson is a musical project primarily known for its 1970s hit single "In a Rainbow," which combined elements of rock and pop. The project was led by composer and musician Python Lee Jackson, who collaborated with other artists to create music that resonated with the era's psychedelic and progressive rock trends. The band's most notable claim to fame is its song "In a Rainbow," which features vocals by Rod Stewart, who was not a permanent member but contributed to this track.
Kevin Savigar is a musician and songwriter known for his work as a keyboardist and producer. He has collaborated with various artists across different genres, particularly in pop and rock music. Savigar is recognized for his contributions to music production and his live performance skills.
SLD resolution, or **Selective Linear Definite clause resolution**, is a key concept in the field of logic programming and automated theorem proving. It is a refinement of the resolution principle that is used to infer conclusions from a set of logical clauses. SLD resolution specifically applies to definite clauses, which are expressions in propositional logic or predicate logic that have a specific format.

Pinned article: Introduction to the OurBigBook Project

Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
We have two killer features:
  1. topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculus
    Articles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
    • a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
    • a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
    This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
    Figure 1.
    Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page
    . View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivative
  2. local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:
    This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
    Figure 2.
    You can publish local OurBigBook lightweight markup files to either https://OurBigBook.com or as a static website
    .
    Figure 3.
    Visual Studio Code extension installation
    .
    Figure 4.
    Visual Studio Code extension tree navigation
    .
    Figure 5.
    Web editor
    . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally.
    Video 3.
    Edit locally and publish demo
    . Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension.
    Video 4.
    OurBigBook Visual Studio Code extension editing and navigation demo
    . Source.
  3. https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook-media/master/feature/x/hilbert-space-arrow.png
  4. Infinitely deep tables of contents:
    Figure 6.
    Dynamic article tree with infinitely deep table of contents
    .
    Descendant pages can also show up as toplevel e.g.: ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/chordate-subclade
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact