Population growth projections refer to estimates of future population sizes based on current and historical demographic data, trends, and statistical models. These projections consider various factors, including birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration. There are different methods for projecting population growth, and these projections are often made for specific geographical areas, such as countries, regions, or cities.

Propagule pressure is a term used in ecology and environmental science to describe the quantity and viability of organisms (propagules) that are introduced to a new environment. These propagules can include seeds, spores, eggs, larvae, or any dispersible stages of plants or animals. The concept of propagule pressure is significant in the study of biological invasions, as it helps to explain the likelihood and success of non-native species establishing themselves in new ecosystems.

In population biology, a "refugium" (plural: refugia) refers to a habitat or environment that provides a safe haven for certain species, allowing them to survive during periods of adverse conditions, such as climate change, natural disasters, or habitat destruction. Refugia play a crucial role in the conservation of biodiversity, as they can help preserve populations of species that might otherwise become extinct due to unfavorable environmental factors.

Species distribution refers to the way in which different species are spread out across various geographic areas. It encompasses the patterns, processes, and factors that affect where species live, including both the environmental conditions and biotic (living) interactions that influence their presence and abundance in particular locales. Key aspects of species distribution include: 1. **Geographic Range**: This refers to the area where a species is found.

Kemalism, named after Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of modern Turkey, is a political, social, and cultural ideology that emphasizes nationalism, secularism, modernization, and reform. It emerged in the early 20th century as a response to the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923.

Populism is a political approach characterized by the idea of "the people" versus "the elite." It can manifest in various forms across different countries, often based on local contexts, issues, and historical backgrounds. Below is an overview of populism in several countries: ### 1. **United States** - **Political Figures:** Donald Trump, Bernie Sanders. - **Characteristics:** Anti-establishment rhetoric, appeals to working-class discontent, nationalism, and skepticism towards immigration and globalization.

Economic nationalism is a political and economic ideology that emphasizes the protection and promotion of a nation's economy, often at the expense of free trade and globalization. It advocates for policies that prioritize domestic industries, jobs, and resources, aiming to strengthen the national economy and enhance national sovereignty. Key characteristics of economic nationalism include: 1. **Protectionism**: Implementing tariffs, quotas, and other trade barriers to shield domestic industries from foreign competition.

Hromada is a name associated with a secret society that originated in Ukraine. Founded in the late 19th century, specifically in 1891, it was created by Ukrainian students in Lviv, who were motivated by a desire to promote Ukrainian culture and national identity within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The society combined elements of nationalism, cultural revival, and social activism.

Jeffersonian democracy is a political philosophy and framework associated with Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States and one of the Founding Fathers. This idea emphasizes several key principles and values: 1. **Agrarianism**: Jefferson believed that a nation of independent, land-owning farmers would provide a strong foundation for democracy. He thought that agriculture was vital for the sustenance of a free and virtuous society and that land ownership would lead to greater civic responsibility and involvement among citizens.

The "Cercle des prolétaires positivistes," or "Circle of Positive Proletarians," is not widely recognized in mainstream historical or sociological literature, suggesting that it may be a term used in a specific context or niche group. However, the name indicates a potential connection to two significant concepts: "positivism" and "proletariat," which are associated with philosophical and political movements.

The Omaha Platform was the political platform adopted by the Populist Party at its convention in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1892. The Populist Party, also known as the People's Party, emerged in the late 19th century as a response to the economic struggles faced by farmers, laborers, and other working-class citizens, particularly in the wake of industrialization and the economic hardships of the Gilded Age.

Techno-populism is a political and ideological concept that combines elements of populism with a strong emphasis on technology, innovation, and digital media. It often manifests in movements or political platforms that leverage advanced technology, such as social media and digital communication tools, to mobilize support and engage with the public.

Fault zone hydrogeology is the study of how faults—fractures or zones of weakness in the Earth’s crust—affect groundwater flow and the movement of water through geological formations. Faults can alter the natural hydraulic properties of the surrounding rock, leading to significant impacts on groundwater systems.

Ionosilica is a term that generally refers to a class of materials that combine silica (silicon dioxide) with ionic properties. These materials are typically designed to exhibit certain electrical or ionic conduction properties, similar to how traditional silica is used in various applications like electronics, optics, and materials science. **Potential Applications:** 1. **Electronics:** Ionosilica can be used in electronic devices due to its conductive properties.

Mesoporous materials are a class of porous materials that have pore sizes typically ranging from 2 to 50 nanometers. They fall between microporous materials (with pore sizes less than 2 nm) and macroporous materials (with pore sizes greater than 50 nm).

In earth sciences, permeability refers to the ability of a material, typically soil or rock, to transmit fluids (such as water, oil, or gas) through its pore spaces or fractures. It is a crucial property in various fields including geology, hydrogeology, petroleum engineering, and environmental science. Permeability is influenced by several factors, including: 1. **Pore Size and Connectivity**: Larger and better-connected pores facilitate easier fluid movement.

Pore space in soil refers to the voids or openings within the soil structure that are not occupied by solid soil particles. These pores are essential for various soil functions and properties, including: 1. **Water Retention and Drainage**: Pores allow soil to hold water, which is crucial for plant growth. They also facilitate drainage, preventing waterlogging and enabling aeration.

The 20th century saw several notable Portuguese mathematicians who made significant contributions to various fields of mathematics. Here are some prominent figures: 1. **José Champalimaud (1918-2004)**: Known more for his contributions to medicine and philanthropy, Champalimaud was also involved in mathematical research, particularly in the context of his work in medical science.

Legal positivism is a school of thought in legal philosophy that asserts that the validity of law is not connected to moral or ethical considerations but is instead determined by its sources and formal criteria. According to legal positivism, laws are rules created by human beings and are valid because they are enacted by legitimate authority or follow established procedures, rather than because they are just or moral.

Arthur P. Bochner is a prominent figure in the field of communication studies, known primarily for his work in narrative research, qualitative inquiry, and the role of storytelling in human communication. He has contributed significantly to the understanding of how narratives shape our experiences and identities. Bochner is also known for his involvement in academic publications, including editing and contributing to various journals and books that focus on the intersection of communication, culture, and personal stories.