A permanently shadowed crater refers to a lunar or planetary crater where sunlight never reaches the floor due to the angle of the solar rays and the geometry of the crater's walls. On bodies like the Moon, there are regions near the poles where the Sun never rises high enough in the sky to illuminate certain areas of the surface.

Ietje Paalman-de Miranda is a notable figure known for her contributions to Dutch history. Specifically, she is recognized for her role as a Dutch resistance member during World War II. Her work involved efforts against the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands.

Jacques F. Benders is a researcher and professor known for his work in the fields of algorithms and operations research, particularly in relation to optimization and game theory. He has been involved in academic research, contributing to various publications in these areas. If you have a specific context or aspect of Jacques F.

Stan van Hoesel is not widely recognized in mainstream media or popular culture up to my knowledge cutoff date in October 2021. It's possible that he could be a lesser-known public figure, artist, professional, or a person notable in a specific field or region.

Marc van Leeuwen is not a widely recognized public figure as of my last update in October 2023. The name may refer to various individuals in different fields, including academic, artistic, or professional domains.

Michiel Hazewinkel is a Dutch mathematician known for his work in the field of algebra and its applications, particularly in relation to mathematical education and research. He has contributed to various mathematical theories and has been involved in writing and editing textbooks and academic papers.

Onno J. Boxma is a prominent Dutch mathematician and operations researcher known for his contributions to the fields of queueing theory, stochastic processes, and performance modeling. His work often involves the mathematical analysis of systems and processes that can be modeled as queues, which are important in various applications, including telecommunications, computer science, and logistics. Boxma has published numerous papers and has been involved in various academic activities, such as teaching, mentoring, and serving on editorial boards for scientific journals.

Colossus was one of the world's first programmable digital computers, developed during World War II to help break encrypted German messages. It was designed by British engineer Tommy Flowers and his team at Bletchley Park, where critical codebreaking efforts took place. Colossus began operation in 1944 and was specifically used to decrypt the Lorenz cipher, which was employed for high-level military communications by the German military.

Theodorus Dekker could refer to multiple people, depending on context, but one notable individual with that name is a Dutch historian and author known for his work on the history of the Netherlands during the 20th century.

Zacharias Janssen was a Dutch spectacle maker and is often credited, along with his father Hans Janssen, with the invention of the compound microscope during the late 16th century. Although the exact details of his life and contributions are somewhat unclear and debated, it is generally accepted that he played a significant role in the early development of optical instruments.

Marga Klompé was a notable Dutch politician and a member of the Labour Party (Partij van de Arbeid, PvdA). She was born on December 26, 1912, and passed away on February 8, 2000. Klompé is particularly recognized for her role as the first female minister in the Netherlands, serving as Minister of Culture, Recreation and Social Work from 1965 to 1967.

The orbit of Venus refers to the path that the planet Venus takes around the Sun. Here are some key details about Venus's orbit: 1. **Orbital Period**: Venus takes approximately 225 Earth days to complete one orbit around the Sun. This is known as its orbital period. 2. **Orbital Distance**: Venus is the second planet from the Sun, and it orbits at an average distance of about 108 million kilometers (about 67 million miles).

Galactocentrism is the astronomical concept that focuses on the position and significance of the Milky Way galaxy, particularly the Earth's location within it. It is often contrasted with the heliocentric model, which places the Sun at the center of our solar system. In the context of galactocentrism, researchers study the structure, dynamics, and evolution of the Milky Way, as well as the nature and distribution of stars, planets, and other celestial objects within our galaxy.

iPlant Collaborative, now known as CyVerse, is an initiative designed to provide researchers in the life sciences with cyberinfrastructure to facilitate data management, analysis, and collaboration. Launched in 2008, the project aims to support scientific research by offering cloud-based computational resources, data storage, and tools for the management and sharing of biological data, particularly in the fields of genomics and other biological studies.

The Manchester Baby, also known as the "Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine" (SSEM), is widely recognized as the world's first stored-program computer. It was developed in the early 1940s at the University of Manchester, England. The machine's primary purpose was to test the concept of storing programs in memory, rather than executing them sequentially from hardwired logic. The Manchester Baby was designed by a team led by Frederic C.

Elliott 152 refers to a specific type of object used in the fields of psychology and behavioral research. It is known as the "Elliott 152" test, which assesses cognitive and motor function. The test typically involves various tasks that measure an individual's ability to process information, respond to stimuli, and perform motor activities.

The Ferranti Sirius is a type of minicomputer that was developed in the 1970s by the British company Ferranti. It was part of the 32-bit computer generation and was primarily designed for scientific, engineering, and business applications. Notably, the Sirius was known for its use in education and research due to its relatively affordable cost compared to larger mainframe systems.

MONIAC, short for Monetary National Income Analogue Computer, is a hydraulic model designed to simulate and analyze the economy. Developed in the late 1940s by British economist William Phillips, it represented various economic variables and processes using water flow and mechanical components. In the MONIAC model, different tanks represented different sectors of the economy (such as households, firms, and the government), and water flows between these tanks modeled the movement of money and resources through the economy.

Counter-Earth is a concept found in various mythologies and fictional works, often depicted as a planet that exists in a complementary orbit to Earth, hiding on the opposite side of the sun and thus remaining invisible to us. The idea is that it mirrors Earth in many ways, with similar landmasses, life forms, and perhaps even human societies, but it may be a place where events unfold differently. The term gained popularity in literature and science fiction.

BIZMAC, which stands for Business Model Adaptation and Change, typically refers to a framework or approach used to analyze and adapt business models in response to changing market conditions, technological advancements, and other external factors. The concept emphasizes the importance of flexibility and adaptability in business operations to remain competitive. In some contexts, BIZMAC can also refer to specific tools, software, or programs designed to assist businesses in revising their strategies or improving operational efficiency.