Inuit throat singing, known as "katajjaq" in some Inuit dialects, is a unique vocal tradition practiced primarily by Inuit women from the Arctic regions of Canada and Alaska. This form of singing is characterized by a two-part vocalization, where two performers engage in a rhythmic and often competitive exchange of sounds, producing deep, resonant tones and intricate patterns. The performances typically involve a call-and-response format, where one singer initiates a phrase, and the other responds.

Tuvan throat singing, also known as "höömii," is a traditional vocal technique that originates from the Tuva Republic in Siberia, Russia. This unique form of singing allows a single performer to produce multiple pitches simultaneously, creating a harmonious sound that includes distinct overtones. The singer typically produces a fundamental pitch while simultaneously resonating higher harmonics, resulting in a rich, layered auditory experience.

Huun-Huur-Tu is a traditional throat singing group from Tuva, a region in Siberia, Russia. They are renowned for their unique musical style that incorporates overtone singing, a technique in which singers produce multiple pitches simultaneously. This distinctive form of throat singing is characteristic of Tuvan culture and is often performed in connection with ancient rituals, storytelling, and nature.

"Vanishing islands" typically refers to islands that are disappearing due to a combination of factors, primarily climate change and rising sea levels. These islands are often low-lying and vulnerable to erosion and flooding, leading to their gradual disappearance. Some specific points about vanishing islands include: 1. **Climate Change**: As global temperatures rise, polar ice caps and glaciers melt, contributing to higher sea levels. This inundates low-lying coastal areas and islands.

Fiction about time travel explores the concept of moving between different points in time, either to the past or the future. This genre raises intriguing questions about causality, free will, and the nature of time itself. Time travel can be depicted in various ways, often involving machines, magical artifacts, or supernatural abilities.

Spectral glide is a term often used in the context of music, sound design, and signal processing, referring to a gradual transition or sweep of frequencies over time. This technique can create dynamic changes in timbre or pitch, giving the listener the impression of movement or evolution within the sound.

Slack tide refers to the short period of time between the changing of tides when the water is relatively calm and there is little to no horizontal water movement. It occurs at the transition between high tide and low tide, as well as between low tide and high tide. During slack tide, the water level is at its highest or lowest point before starting to rise or fall again.

Spectral music is a compositional technique and style that emerged in the late 20th century, primarily in the 1970s. It is characterized by its focus on the analysis and manipulation of sound spectra—essentially, the frequency content of sound. Composers in this genre analyze the harmonic and timbral characteristics of sounds, often employing computer technology to examine and synthesize these elements.

The "Northern Lights chord" is not a widely recognized term in music theory or practice. However, it may refer to a specific chord associated with an atmospheric or ethereal sound, often used in contemporary music to create a sense of wonder or mystique, similar to the visual experience of the Northern Lights (Aurora Borealis).

"Martian Time-Slip" is a science fiction novel written by Philip K. Dick, first published in 1964. The story is set on a colonized Mars and explores themes of reality, perception, and time.

A time loop is a conceptual situation often found in science fiction and fantasy narratives in which a character or group of characters find themselves reliving a particular period of time over and over again. In these scenarios, the individuals are typically unaware that they are stuck in the loop at first, and they may experience the same events, make the same choices, and encounter the same consequences repeatedly.

Flash photolysis is a technique used in spectroscopy and photochemistry to study rapid chemical reactions and dynamics. It involves the use of a brief, intense flash of light (typically ultraviolet or visible light) to initiate a chemical reaction or to excite molecules from a ground state to an excited state. The general procedure includes the following steps: 1. **Preparation**: A sample containing the chemical species of interest is prepared in a suitable medium, such as a gas or liquid.

Bayesian Structural Time Series (BSTS) is a framework used for modeling and forecasting time series data that incorporates both structural components and Bayesian methods. The BSTS framework is particularly useful for analyzing data with complex patterns, such as trends, seasonality, and irregularities, while also allowing for the incorporation of various types of uncertainty. ### Key Components of Bayesian Structural Time Series: 1. **Structural Components**: - **Trend**: Captures long-term movements in the data.

A deflator is an economic measure used to adjust nominal economic indicators, such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), to account for changes in price levels over time. It allows for the differentiation between real growth (adjusted for inflation) and nominal growth (not adjusted for inflation).

The Hodrick-Prescott (HP) filter is a mathematical tool used in macroeconomics and time series analysis to decompose a time series into a trend component and a cyclical component. It is particularly useful for analyzing economic data, such as GDP or other macroeconomic indicators, to separate the long-term trend from short-term fluctuations.

"Songs & More Songs by Tom Lehrer" is a compilation album by American musician and satirist Tom Lehrer. Released in 1965, the album features a collection of Lehrer's humorous and clever songs, showcasing his unique style of combining wit with musical talent. Lehrer is known for his satirical take on a variety of topics, including politics, education, and social issues, often using a blend of classical music influences and catchy melodies.

Secular variation refers to the long-term changes or trends observed in a particular phenomenon over an extended period, typically spanning decades to centuries. This term is commonly used in various fields, such as geology, paleoclimatology, and even economics, to describe gradual changes that are not tied to periodic cycles (like seasonal or annual changes). In the context of geology and geomagnetism, secular variation may refer to the gradual changes in the Earth's magnetic field intensity and direction over time.

A **stationary distribution** is a concept primarily used in the context of Markov chains and stochastic processes. It refers to a probability distribution that remains unchanged as time progresses. In other words, if the system is in the stationary distribution, the probabilities of being in each state do not change over time.

The crossing number of a graph is a classic concept in graph theory that refers to the minimum number of edge crossings in a drawing of the graph in the plane. When a graph is drawn on a two-dimensional surface (like a piece of paper), edges can sometimes cross over each other. The goal is to find a layout of the graph that minimizes these crossings. Here's a more detailed explanation: 1. **Graph**: A graph consists of vertices (or nodes) connected by edges (or links).

A **graph manifold** is a class of 3-dimensional manifolds characterized by their geometric structure, specifically how they can be decomposed into pieces that look like typical geometric shapes (in this case, they resemble a torus and other types of three-manifolds).