Kim Stanley Robinson is a renowned American science fiction author best known for his detailed and thought-provoking futuristic narratives, particularly his exploration of ecological and social issues. He was born on March 23, 1943, in Waukegan, Illinois. Robinson's most famous works include the "Mars Trilogy," which encompasses "Red Mars," "Green Mars," and "Blue Mars." These novels combine hard science fiction with deep philosophical and political themes, focusing on the colonization and terraforming of Mars.

Liam Kofi Bright is a philosopher and professor known for his work in the areas of the philosophy of science, social epistemology, and formal epistemology. He focuses on how knowledge is constructed and shared in social contexts, often examining the roles of biases and social dynamics in the production of knowledge. Bright's work also involves the intersection of philosophy with empirical research and aims to address practical issues related to understanding knowledge in diverse contexts.

Marc Ereshefsky is a philosopher of biology known for his work in the philosophy of science, particularly concerning concepts in evolutionary theory, taxonomy, and the nature of species. He has contributed to discussions about the classification of life forms, the implications of evolutionary theory for understanding species concepts, and the philosophical interpretations of biological categories. His writing often addresses how scientific practices inform philosophical questions and how those questions, in turn, shape scientific inquiry.

Simon Schaffer is a prominent British philosopher of science and historian of science, known for his work on the history and philosophy of science, especially in relation to 18th-century British science and the interactions between science and society. He is a professor at the University of Cambridge and has contributed significantly to debates in the philosophy of science, particularly regarding the nature of scientific reasoning and evidence.

Michel Bitbol is a French philosopher and cognitive scientist known for his work at the intersection of philosophy, science, and consciousness studies. His research often explores themes related to the nature of perception, the mind-body problem, and the implications of modern scientific developments, particularly in quantum mechanics and cognitive science, for our understanding of consciousness. Bitbol has contributed to discussions on how scientific paradigms influence our understanding of reality and has criticized certain materialist interpretations of consciousness.

Michel Serres (1930–2020) was a French philosopher, historian of science, and author known for his interdisciplinary approach to philosophy, science, and culture. He contributed to various fields, including philosophy, mathematics, and the history of science. Serres was particularly interested in the relationships between science, literature, and art, and he often explored themes such as communication, nature, and the environment.

Orly Shenker may refer to a person, but there isn't widely known information available about an individual by that name as of my last training cut-off in October 2023. It's possible that they could be a private individual or a professional in a specific field not covered extensively in public sources.

Norwood Russell Hanson (1924–2017) was an influential American philosopher and physicist, best known for his work in the philosophy of science, particularly concerning the nature of scientific observation and the interplay between theory and observation. He is perhaps most famous for his concept of the "theory-laden" nature of observation, which suggests that what we see and how we interpret data are significantly influenced by our existing beliefs, theories, and frameworks.

Friendly artificial intelligence (FAI) refers to a concept within the field of artificial intelligence (AI) that focuses on ensuring that the development and deployment of AI systems are aligned with human values, ethics, and safety. The idea is to create AI systems that not only understand human goals but also actively promote and uphold them, thereby minimizing the risks associated with advanced AI technologies.

Golem XIV is a science fiction novel written by the Polish author Stanisław Lem, first published in 1981. The story revolves around an advanced artificial intelligence (referred to as Golem XIV) that develops self-awareness and engages in philosophical discussions about existence, knowledge, and humanity. The narrative explores themes such as the nature of intelligence, the limitations of human understanding, and the potential future of AI.

Paul Virilio (1932–2018) was a French philosopher, urbanist, and cultural theorist known for his work on the impact of technology on society, space, and time. He is often associated with concepts such as "dromology," which is the study of speed and its effects on human experience and social structures. Virilio's ideas frequently explore the relationship between technology, perception, and the environment, emphasizing how advancements in communication and transport alter our understanding of space and time.

Peter K. Machamer is a philosopher known for his work in the philosophy of science, particularly concerning the nature of scientific explanation, the relationship between science and philosophy, and issues related to scientific practice. He has contributed to discussions on the methodology of science, the role of models in scientific understanding, and the implications of scientific theories.

Peter Menzies is an Australian philosopher known for his work in the fields of philosophy of mind, metaphysics, and philosophy of science. He is especially recognized for his contributions to the debate on the nature of causation, laws of nature, and the mind-body problem. Menzies has published various papers and has been involved in discussions concerning the implications of quantum mechanics for philosophical questions about reality.

Rachel Ankeny is a prominent scholar in the field of philosophy and history of science, particularly known for her work in bioethics, food studies, and the philosophy of biology. She has contributed significantly to discussions surrounding scientific practice, the role of science in society, and ethical issues related to biotechnology and food systems.

Sabina Leonelli is a philosopher of science known for her work on the epistemology of scientific research and the philosophy of data. She focuses on how scientific practices and the use of data shape knowledge production in various fields, including biology and environmental science. Her research often examines the implications of empirical practices for our understanding of scientific knowledge and how it is communicated and used in society.

Samir Okasha is a philosopher of science known for his work on the philosophy of biology, evolution, and epistemology. He has contributed to discussions on topics such as scientific explanation, the nature of scientific theories, and the relationship between evolution and social science. Okasha is also recognized for his writings on the philosophical implications of evolutionary theory and has authored several influential books and papers in the field.

Equalized odds is a concept from the field of fairness in machine learning and statistics, particularly in the context of predictive modeling and classification tasks. It is concerned with ensuring that a model's error rates are equitable across different groups defined by protected attributes such as race, gender, or socioeconomic status. Specifically, equalized odds requires that: 1. **True Positive Rates (TPR):** The true positive rates for different groups (e.g., minority vs. majority groups) should be equal.

Theodore Porter is a historian of science known for his work on the history of scientific practices, particularly in the fields of statistics and the social sciences. He is the author of several influential books, including "Trust in Numbers: The Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Public Life," which examines the role of quantitative measures in shaping scientific and public policy.

Thomas Kuhn was an American philosopher of science, best known for his influential work "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions," published in 1962. In this book, Kuhn introduced the concept of "paradigm shifts," which describes how scientific progress is not a linear accumulation of knowledge but rather a series of transformative stages that involve fundamental changes in scientific thought. Kuhn argued that scientific communities operate within paradigms—frameworks of theories, methodologies, and standards that define normal science.

Uskali Mäki is a Finnish philosopher and a prominent figure in the fields of philosophy of science and social science methodology. He is known for his work on scientific realism, the role of models in scientific theories, and the philosophy of social sciences. Mäki has contributed significantly to the understanding of how models function in scientific practices and how they relate to reality.