P2RX4 is a gene that encodes the protein P2X purinoceptor 4, which is part of the purinergic receptor family. These receptors are ion channels activated by extracellular ATP (adenosine triphosphate). P2X4 is a trimeric receptor, meaning that it forms a channel by assembling three identical subunits.

KCNJ8 is a gene that encodes a protein known as the potassium ion channel, specifically the K(ATP) channel, which is sensitive to intracellular ATP levels. This channel plays a crucial role in regulating cellular excitability, particularly in muscle and neuronal tissues. KCNJ8 is part of the inwardly rectifying potassium channel family and is typically associated with controlling various physiological processes, including insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells, vascular smooth muscle contraction, and cardiac action potentials.

N-type calcium channels, also known as Cav2.2 channels, are a type of voltage-gated calcium channel that play a critical role in various physiological processes. These channels are primarily found in neurons and are responsible for facilitating the influx of calcium ions (Ca²⁺) into cells in response to membrane depolarization.

KCNT1 is a gene that encodes a type of potassium ion channel, specifically a member of the Slo-related (also known as K_Ca or K-channel) family of potassium channels. These channels play critical roles in regulating various physiological processes, including neuronal excitability, muscle contraction, and the cardiac action potential.

Ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) is a type of intracellular calcium release channel found primarily in cardiac muscle cells. It is part of the ryanodine receptor family, which also includes other isoforms such as RyR1 (predominantly found in skeletal muscle) and RyR3 (found in various tissues). RyR2 plays a crucial role in the regulation of calcium ions (Ca²⁺) in the heart, which is essential for muscle contraction and relaxation.

A Liquid Metal Ion Source (LMIS) is a type of ion source used primarily in various applications such as mass spectrometry, focused ion beam (FIB) systems, and ion implantation. The LMIS generates ions by the field evaporation or field ionization of a liquid metal that is contained in a small source chamber.

KCNQ channels, also known as M-type potassium channels, are a family of voltage-gated potassium channels that are encoded by the KCNQ gene family. These channels play a crucial role in regulating neuronal excitability and are important for setting the resting membrane potential and shaping action potentials in neurons and other excitable cells.

KCNS2 is a gene that encodes a type of potassium channel known as a voltage-gated potassium channel. Specifically, the protein produced by this gene is known as the potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily S member 2. These channels play a crucial role in maintaining the electrical potential across the cell membrane and are involved in various physiological processes, including the regulation of neuronal excitability, muscle contraction, and cardiac rhythm.

TRPN, or Transient Receptor Potential N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor Potentiating Protein, is a protein that is part of a family of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. These channels are known for their role in various physiological processes, including sensory perception, pain, and thermoregulation. In the context of TRPN channels, they are involved in various cellular signaling pathways and can respond to different stimuli, such as temperature changes.

"Meend" is a term primarily associated with Indian classical music, especially in contexts involving vocal and instrumental performances. It refers to a specific melodic ornamentation or glide that connects notes in a smooth, fluid manner. Meend involves bending or sliding between pitches, creating a continuous flow of sound instead of distinct, separate notes. This technique is essential in genres like Hindustani classical music and helps convey emotion and expression in a performance.

Mechanosensitive channels are specialized membrane proteins that respond to mechanical stimuli, such as stretch, pressure, or shear stress. These channels play a crucial role in various physiological processes by converting mechanical signals into electrical or chemical signals that can influence cellular behavior.

Nanchung refers to several concepts depending on the context: 1. **Geography**: Nanchung may refer to a geographical location, particularly in China or nearby regions, but it may not be a widely recognized name. 2. **Cultural or Historical Context**: It could potentially be associated with cultural, historical, or academic references, usually relating to specific regions in China.

Atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI) is a technique used in mass spectrometry for the ionization of chemical compounds. It operates at atmospheric pressure, making it different from other ionization techniques like electron impact ionization or laser ablation, which might require vacuum conditions.

TRPA (Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1) is a type of ion channel that is part of the TRP (Transient Receptor Potential) family of cation channels. TRPA1, the most studied member of this family, is found predominantly in sensory neurons and is known to play a crucial role in detecting environmental stimuli, particularly those that are noxious or pain-inducing.

TRPC4 stands for "Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel, Subfamily C, Member 4." It is a gene that encodes a protein belonging to the TRP channel family, which is known to generate ion currents and play significant roles in various physiological processes. TRPC4 is primarily a calcium-permeable channel and is involved in several signaling pathways.

TRPP3, or Transient Receptor Potential Protein 3, is a member of the TRP (transient receptor potential) channel family, which consists of various ion channels that are permeable to cations such as sodium, calcium, and magnesium. TRPP3 is also known as PKD2L1 (Polycystin-2-Like 1) and is primarily expressed in certain tissues, including the inner ear and the kidneys.

TRPV stands for "Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid" channels, which are a group of ion channels located primarily in the cell membranes of sensory neurons. These channels play a crucial role in mediating sensations such as pain and temperature, as well as other physiological processes. The TRPV family includes several members, the most well-known of which is TRPV1.

Incoherent scatter refers to a type of scattering of electromagnetic waves, particularly radio waves, when they encounter particles in a medium, such as electrons in the ionosphere. This process is characterized by the lack of a clear correlation between the incident wave and the scattered wave, meaning that the scattering does not preserve the original phase of the incoming wave. Incoherent scatter is particularly significant in the study of the upper atmosphere and space weather.

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 2 (TRPV2) is a member of the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel family, which consists of ion channels that play a crucial role in various physiological processes. TRPV2 is known to be a non-selective cation channel that is activated by temperature changes (specifically, it is activated by high temperatures), certain chemicals, and mechanical stimuli.

VDAC3, or Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel 3, is a protein that is part of the VDAC family, which consists of several isoforms (VDAC1, VDAC2, and VDAC3). These proteins are primarily located in the outer mitochondrial membrane and play a crucial role in regulating the transport of metabolites and ions across the mitochondrial membrane.