Michael Aldrich (1939-2014) was a British entrepreneur and a pioneer in online shopping. He is best known for developing one of the first online shopping systems in the late 1970s. Aldrich's system connected a television to a computer via a telephone line, allowing consumers to make purchases from the comfort of their homes. This innovation laid the groundwork for what would become modern e-commerce.

Minolta was a Japanese manufacturer known primarily for its cameras and photographic equipment. Established in 1928 as the Nichi-Doku Shokai, it initially focused on producing photographic materials before evolving into a manufacturer of cameras and lenses. Minolta became well-known for its innovative products, particularly in the field of 35mm cameras and later, digital imaging.

Mismatch negativity (MMN) is an event-related potential (ERP) component that reflects the brain's automatic detection of changes in auditory stimuli. It is typically observed in response to auditory oddball paradigms, where a series of repetitive standard sounds is interrupted by infrequent deviant sounds that differ in some characteristic, such as pitch, duration, or intensity. MMN occurs pre-attentively, meaning that it can be elicited without the need for conscious attention to the auditory stimuli.

In mathematics, the term "monopole" can refer to several different concepts depending on the context, but it is most commonly associated with topology and mathematical physics, particularly in the study of gauge theory and differential geometry. 1. **Topological Monopole**: In the field of topology, a monopole often refers to a particular kind of magnetic monopole, which is a theoretical concept in physics describing a magnetic field with only one pole (either north or south).

The Montpellier Codex is a significant manuscript that contains a collection of works by various composers from the late Middle Ages, particularly focusing on the genre of medieval music known as polyphony. It is primarily known for its contributions to the understanding of early music notation and the development of musical styles during that period. The codex is believed to have been produced in the 13th century, and it is named after the city of Montpellier in France, where it is kept in the municipal library.

Nano Differential Scanning Fluorimetry (nano-DSF) is a biophysical technique used to study the thermal stability and folding behavior of biomolecules, particularly proteins. This method combines differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and fluorescence measurements, enabling researchers to gather insights into protein stability and interactions with ligands or other molecules.

Adam Falk may refer to several individuals, but one notable person by that name is an American physicist and academic administrator. He is known for his work in the field of physics, particularly in condensed matter physics, and has held administrative positions at various educational institutions.

Anthony J. DeMaria is a prominent American cardiologist known for his contributions to the field of cardiology, particularly in the areas of cardiac imaging, heart failure, and the study of cardiovascular diseases. He has served in various academic and clinical roles, including as the editor of significant medical journals. His work has had a considerable impact on cardiovascular medicine and education.

Craig Edward DeForest is a well-known astrophysicist and researcher who has contributed significantly to the fields of astrophysics, particularly in the study of solar and stellar physics. He has been involved in various projects and research initiatives, focusing on areas such as solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and space weather.

Devarajan (Dave) Thirumalai is a notable figure in the field of electrical and computer engineering, particularly recognized for his contributions to the areas of decision-making in uncertain environments, machine learning, and optimization. He has an academic background that includes teaching and research roles at various institutions. In addition to his academic pursuits, Thirumalai is known for his involvement in interdisciplinary research and his work on applying theoretical concepts to real-world problems.

Giorgio Apollinari may refer to a specific person's name; however, it is not a widely recognized figure as of my last update in October 2023.

John A. Sanderson might refer to different individuals, but without more context, it's challenging to determine exactly who you're asking about. If you're referring to a specific John A.

The National Graphene Institute (NGI) is a research facility located in Manchester, England, dedicated to the study and development of graphene and other two-dimensional materials. Established in 2015, it is part of the University of Manchester and aims to facilitate collaboration between researchers, industry, and other stakeholders to accelerate the commercialization of graphene-based technologies.

A Regional Internet Registry (RIR) is an organization that is responsible for the allocation and management of Internet number resources within a specific geographical area. These resources primarily include Internet Protocol (IP) address space and Autonomous System Numbers (ASNs). RIRs play a crucial role in distributing IP addresses to Internet Service Providers (ISPs), businesses, and other organizations within their regions.

Nazareth Bank is a financial institution that offers a variety of banking services. However, as of my last update, there is limited information available specifically about Nazareth Bank, which might indicate that it is a smaller or regional financial institution or that it operates in a specific locality.

Network congestion refers to a situation in a data network where the demand for bandwidth exceeds the available capacity. This can occur due to a high volume of traffic, inefficient routing, or limitations in network infrastructure. When congestion occurs, it can lead to several issues, including: 1. **Increased Latency**: The delay in data packet transmission increases, resulting in slower response times for applications and services.

"Nineteeneighties" can refer to various concepts depending on the context. It could denote the decade of the 1980s, often stylized as "Nineteen Eighties," which was a significant cultural, political, and technological period marked by events like the Cold War, the rise of personal computing, and notable trends in fashion, music, and film.