Atmospheric-pressure laser ionization (APLI) is an analytical technique used to generate and detect ions from analytes (compounds of interest) at or near atmospheric pressure, typically for the purpose of mass spectrometry. This method allows for the direct ionization of samples without the need for advanced vacuum systems or complex ionization conditions that are typical in traditional mass spectrometric techniques. **Key aspects of Atmospheric-pressure laser ionization include:** 1.

The International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) is a standard model used to describe the ionosphere, which is a region of Earth's upper atmosphere that is ionized by solar radiation. The ionosphere plays a crucial role in radio communication, navigation, and satellite operations, as it affects the propagation of radio waves and the performance of satellite systems.

The ionospheric dynamo region refers to an area in the Earth's ionosphere where electric currents are generated due to the interaction between the Earth's magnetic field and the ionosphere’s electrically conductive plasma. This region is vital for understanding a variety of geophysical processes, including atmospheric dynamics, space weather, and radio wave propagation.

Electrostatic spray ionization (ESI) is a soft ionization technique commonly used in mass spectrometry to produce ions from liquid samples. ESI is particularly effective for analyzing large biomolecules, such as proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids, as well as small organic molecules. In the ESI process, a liquid sample is typically introduced into a nebulizer, where it is atomized into a fine mist of charged droplets through the application of a high voltage.

Hashem Rafii Tabar is an Iranian individual who gained international attention due to his reported sentencing in 2021. He was sentenced to death by the Iranian judiciary for alleged blasphemy and for promoting a version of Islam that is said to be at odds with traditional Islamic beliefs. His case garnered significant media coverage and sparked discussions about freedom of expression and religious intolerance in Iran.

Yousef Sobouti is an Iranian astrophysicist known for his work in the field of astrophysics and cosmology. He has contributed to various areas of research, including the study of stellar dynamics and the structure of the universe. Sobouti is recognized for his theoretical contributions and is associated with academic and research institutions in Iran.

Paper spray ionization is a novel mass spectrometry technique used for the direct analysis of various types of samples, including biological fluids, pharmaceuticals, and environmental samples. It is particularly advantageous for its simplicity, speed, and the ability to analyze samples with minimal preparation. In this method, a piece of absorbent paper is used as the substrate for the sample. Here’s how the process generally works: 1. **Sample Application**: The sample is applied onto the surface of the paper.

"Address plus port" typically refers to the combination of an IP address (or domain name) and a port number used in networking to identify a specific service or application running on a server. ### Breakdown: 1. **IP Address or Domain Name**: - The IP address is a unique identifier for a device on a network. It can be in IPv4 format (like `192.168.1.

"Iranian physical chemists" refers to scientists from Iran who specialize in the field of physical chemistry. Physical chemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the study of how matter behaves on a molecular and atomic level, and how chemical reactions occur. It combines principles of physics and chemistry to understand phenomena such as thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, and kinetics.

Ramin Golestanian is a physicist known for his work in the fields of condensed matter physics, statistical mechanics, and soft matter. He has contributed to the understanding of various phenomena, including active matter, nonequilibrium systems, and fluid dynamics. Golestanian's research often explores the physical principles underlying complex systems, including biological systems and self-propelling entities. He has published numerous papers and is affiliated with research institutions or universities, where he may engage in both teaching and research.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1483 was adopted on May 22, 2003. The resolution primarily focused on the situation in Iraq following the U.S.-led invasion that led to the overthrow of Saddam Hussein's regime in 2003.

The Plame affair, also known as the Plamegate scandal, was a political controversy in the United States that emerged in 2003. It revolved around the exposure of Valerie Plame Wilson, a covert CIA officer, and involved issues of national security, government accountability, and the use of intelligence in the lead-up to the Iraq War.

The Committee for Peace and Security in the Gulf is likely a reference to a regional organization or initiative aimed at addressing issues of peace and security in the Gulf region, which includes countries such as Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Oman. However, there may not be an official or widely recognized entity specifically by that name as of my last knowledge update in October 2023.

The Hutton Inquiry, formally known as the Hutton Inquiry into the circumstances surrounding the death of Dr. David Kelly, was a public inquiry conducted in the United Kingdom after the suicide of Dr. Kelly in July 2003. Dr. Kelly was a scientist and a key figure in the controversy surrounding the UK's justification for the invasion of Iraq in 2003, particularly concerning the claims made about Iraq's weapons of mass destruction (WMDs).

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1154 was adopted on March 19, 1998. The resolution specifically addressed the situation concerning the Iraqi government and its compliance with previous UN resolutions regarding disarmament and the monitoring of its weapons programs. The resolution reaffirmed the Security Council's commitment to ensuring Iraq's compliance with its obligations under relevant resolutions, particularly concerning the elimination of its weapons of mass destruction.

Babylonian astronomers were ancient scholars from the civilization of Babylon, located in Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq), who made significant contributions to the field of astronomy from around the 2nd millennium BCE until the fall of Babylon in the 6th century BCE. They are known for their systematic observations of celestial bodies, which included the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars.

Murad Taqqu is a name associated with the field of statistics, particularly known for his contributions to the study of stochastic processes, statistical signal processing, and statistical methods in data analysis. He has made significant contributions to the understanding of fractals, long-range dependence, and self-similarity in data.

"Irish physical chemists" refers to chemists from Ireland, or those of Irish descent, who specialize in the field of physical chemistry. Physical chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the study of how matter behaves on a molecular and atomic level, and how chemical reactions occur. This discipline combines principles of physics and chemistry to analyze the physical properties of molecules, the forces between them, and their reactions.

Denis Weaire is an Irish physicist renowned for his contributions to the field of condensed matter physics, particularly in the study of liquid foams and complex materials. He is particularly known for Weaire-Phelan structure, a theoretical arrangement of foam that minimizes surface area while maximizing volume, which is significant in understanding the properties of bubbly materials. Weaire's work often intersects with mathematics, physics, and materials science, and he has published numerous papers on these topics.

Henry Hennessy is not a widely recognized term or figure as of my last knowledge update in October 2021. It is possible that you might be referring to "Hennessy," which is a well-known brand of cognac established by Irishman Richard Hennessy in 1765. The brand is one of the largest producers of cognac in the world.