The Yukawa–Tsuno equation is a mathematical model used in the field of nuclear physics, particularly in the description of nuclear forces between particles such as protons and neutrons. It is employed to describe the potential energy between two nucleons (neutrons and protons), accounting for the exchange of mesons (specifically pions) as mediators of the strong nuclear force.

The School of Physics and Technology at the University of Kharkiv, also known as V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, is a prominent academic institution in Ukraine focused on physics and its applications. The school is part of a wider research university known for its contributions to various fields of science and technology.

The B2FH paper, officially titled "Synthesis of the Elements in Stars," is a seminal scientific paper authored by scientists George B. Field, William A. Fowler, and Fred Hoyle, published in 1957. The paper is significant in the field of astrophysics and nucleosynthesis as it provides a comprehensive theoretical framework for understanding how chemical elements are formed within stars.

Elena Barraquer Compte is a renowned Spanish ophthalmologist known for her specialization in corneal diseases and surgery. She is particularly noted for her contributions to keratoplasty (corneal transplantation) and is recognized for her expertise in various advanced surgical techniques. Beyond her clinical work, she is also involved in research and education within her field, helping to advance the understanding and treatment of eye conditions.

Georges Dujardin-Beaumetz (1826-1892) was a French architect and notable figure in the field of architecture during the 19th century. He is particularly known for his contributions to the design of public buildings and his involvement in architectural education. Dujardin-Beaumetz was involved in various projects, but he is perhaps most remembered for his role in promoting the Beaux-Arts architectural style in France.

Valentín Fuster is a prominent Spanish cardiologist known for his significant contributions to the field of cardiovascular medicine. He is recognized for his research and efforts in understanding heart disease, particularly in relation to atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Fuster has held prestigious positions, including serving as the director of Mount Sinai Heart and the Physician-in-Chief at The Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City.

Charles-Gaspard de la Rive (1794–1873) was a Swiss physicist and naturalist known for his contributions to the fields of electromagnetism and crystallography. He is particularly known for his work on the theory of electricity and magnetic fields, as well as his studies on mineralogy and the properties of crystals. De la Rive is also recognized for his involvement in the development of scientific education in Switzerland and for his efforts in promoting the natural sciences.

Crackling noise refers to a distinctive sound characterized by sharp, intermittent bursts or pops. It can occur in various contexts, such as: 1. **Audio and Electronics**: In sound systems, crackling can be a result of poor connections, damaged speakers, or interference in audio equipment. It may manifest as pops or static noises during playback.

A dissipative soliton is a type of solitary wave packet that arises in nonlinear systems with dissipation, where energy is lost to the surroundings. These structures maintain their shape and stability over time despite the presence of dissipative processes, such as friction or radiation losses. Dissipative solitons are characterized by a balance between nonlinearity (which tends to focus or localize the wave) and dissipation (which tends to spread it out).

A hydrogen-terminated silicon surface refers to the surface of a silicon wafer that has been treated to have hydrogen atoms bonded to its outermost silicon atoms, effectively saturating its dangling bonds. This condition typically occurs when a silicon wafer is exposed to hydrogen, often through processes such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or through the use of hydrogen plasma.

Nanomesh generally refers to a type of material or technology characterized by its nanostructured mesh-like architecture. It can be used in various applications across fields such as materials science, biomedical engineering, and electronics. Here are some contexts in which the term "nanomesh" might be used: 1. **Biomaterials**: Nanomesh structures can be employed in medical applications, such as scaffolding for tissue engineering, drug delivery systems, or wound dressings.

Self-assembly is a process in which individual components spontaneously organize themselves into structured, functional arrangements without external guidance or direction. This phenomenon is observed across various fields, including chemistry, biology, materials science, and nanotechnology. In biology, self-assembly is crucial for the formation of complex structures, such as proteins, cell membranes, and DNA. For example, in proteins, amino acids fold into specific three-dimensional shapes that determine their function.

Thermodynamic equilibrium refers to a state of a thermodynamic system where all macroscopic properties are uniform throughout the system and do not change over time. In this state, three important types of equilibrium must be satisfied: 1. **Mechanical Equilibrium**: There are no unbalanced forces acting within the system, meaning the pressure is uniform throughout and there are no flowing currents or gradients.

Equilibrium thermodynamics is a branch of thermodynamics that deals with systems in a state of equilibrium, where macroscopic properties such as temperature, pressure, and volume remain constant over time. In this state, the driving forces that cause changes within the system (like gradients in temperature or chemical potential) are balanced, and there are no net flows of matter or energy within the system.

Thermal ecology is a subfield of ecology that focuses on the effects of temperature on organisms and their interactions within ecosystems. It examines how temperature influences physiological processes, behavior, distribution, and survival of species. Thermal ecology encompasses various topics, including: 1. **Thermal Tolerance**: Understanding the range of temperatures that organisms can tolerate, and how extreme temperatures can impact their health and survival.

Professorships in thermodynamics typically refer to academic positions held by individuals who specialize in the study and teaching of thermodynamics—a branch of physics and engineering that focuses on the relationships between heat, work, temperature, and energy. These positions are often found in universities and research institutions, where professors conduct research, teach courses, and mentor students in the field of thermodynamics and related disciplines.

A control volume is a specified region in space used in the analysis of fluid flow and thermodynamic processes. It can be fixed in space or can move with the fluid. The boundaries of the control volume can be real or imaginary and are often referred to as control surfaces. In the context of fluid mechanics and thermodynamics, control volumes are essential for applying the principles of mass, momentum, and energy conservation.

A diathermal wall is a type of barrier that allows heat to flow freely across it. In thermodynamics, it is used to describe a wall or boundary between two systems (or a system and its surroundings) that does not impede the transfer of thermal energy. In contrast to adiabatic walls, which prevent any heat transfer, diathermal walls enable energy exchange in the form of heat.

An energy carrier is a substance or system that transports energy from one location to another or converts energy from one form to another for use. Energy carriers are critical in the energy economy as they facilitate the movement and utilization of energy sources in various applications. Common examples of energy carriers include: 1. **Electricity**: Generated from various sources (fossil fuels, nuclear, renewables) and transmitted through power lines to homes, businesses, and industries.

The First Law of Thermodynamics, also known as the law of energy conservation, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system. In the context of fluid mechanics, this law can be applied to processes involving fluids in motion, such as in pipes, pumps, and turbines.