Magnetic-core memory, also known simply as core memory, is a type of non-volatile memory that was widely used in computer systems from the 1950s to the early 1970s. It employs tiny magnetic rings, or cores, made from ferrite material to store data. Each core can store one bit of information, representing either a 0 or a 1, depending on the direction of magnetization of the core.

Mechanical calculators are devices used to perform mathematical calculations through mechanical means, rather than electronic or digital methods. They were developed before the advent of electronic calculators and typically used gears, levers, and other mechanical parts to execute arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. ### Key Features of Mechanical Calculators: 1. **Design and Operation**: Mechanical calculators often feature a series of keys or levers that the user manipulates to input numbers.

Forensic polymer engineering is a specialized field that combines principles of polymer science, materials science, and forensic investigation to analyze and interpret the properties and behaviors of polymer materials in legal or investigative contexts. This discipline is often employed in cases involving polymer products, such as plastics, composites, and elastomers, particularly when failure, damage, or degradation occurs.

A Gibbs state, also known as a Gibbs measure or thermal state, is a specific type of probabilistic representation of a system in statistical mechanics that describes the distribution of microstates at thermal equilibrium. It arises from the principles of statistical mechanics and is named after Josiah Willard Gibbs. The Gibbs state is characterized by its dependence on temperature and the energy of the system. It is particularly relevant for systems in contact with a heat bath at a fixed temperature.

Thomas Ypsilantis (1790–1848) was a prominent figure in the Greek War of Independence against Ottoman rule. He belonged to the Ypsilantis family, a notable Phanariot family in the Ottoman Empire, and played a pivotal role in the efforts to liberate Greece. Ypsilantis was educated in Europe and influenced by the ideals of the Enlightenment and the Greek desire for independence.

In the context of linear programming and convex geometry, a **Hilbert basis** refers to a specific type of generating set for a convex cone. A Hilbert basis of a polyhedral cone is characterized by the property that every point in the cone can be represented as a non-negative integral combination of a finite set of generators. This is closely related to the notion of (integer) linear combinations in linear programming.

Homogeneity blockmodeling is a technique used in network analysis and social network analysis to identify and categorize groups (or blocks) of nodes (individuals, organizations, etc.) that exhibit similar characteristics or patterns in their relationships. The fundamental idea is to simplify the complex structure of a network by grouping nodes into blocks that provide a clearer understanding of the overall relationships within the network.

The Hu–Washizu principle is a variational principle used in the field of elasticity and continuum mechanics. It provides a framework to derive the governing equations for an elastic body undergoing deformation. Named after Chinese engineer S. P. Hu and Japanese engineer K. Washizu, the principle is particularly useful because it allows for the incorporation of stresses and displacements in a unified manner.

I-splines, or interpolating splines, are a type of spline function used in numerical analysis and computational mathematics for interpolation tasks. They are particularly notable for their ability to provide a smooth curve passing through a given set of data points or knots. ### Characteristics of I-splines: 1. **Interpolation**: I-splines are designed to interpolate a set of points. They ensure that the curve passes exactly through the specified data points.

Infomax can refer to a variety of concepts or entities depending on the context. Here are a few possible interpretations: 1. **Infomax (Statistical Method)**: In the context of statistics and information theory, Infomax is often associated with a model or algorithm for optimizing the information extracted from data, particularly in neural networks and signal processing. It generally refers to maximizing the information transfer or minimizing information loss in a system.

The timeline of algorithms is a chronological list highlighting significant developments in algorithmic theory and practice throughout history. Here’s an overview of key milestones: ### Ancient and Classical Periods - **~300 BC**: Euclid's Algorithm for computing the greatest common divisor (GCD) is described in "Elements". - **~circa 100 BC**: The Sieve of Eratosthenes, an efficient algorithm for finding all prime numbers up to a specified integer.

Forcing is a technique used in set theory, particularly in the context of determining the consistency of various mathematical statements in relation to the axioms of set theory, such as Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory with the Axiom of Choice (ZFC). It was developed by Paul Cohen in the 1960s and is a powerful method for constructing models of set theory and for demonstrating the independence of certain propositions from ZFC.

The term "inherent zero" typically refers to a concept in statistics and measurement, particularly in the context of scale types. Inherent zero is characterized by the absence of the quality being measured, meaning that at the zero point on the scale, there is a complete lack of the quantity being quantified. For example, in temperature scales, zero degrees Celsius does not represent a complete absence of temperature, so it is not considered an inherent zero.

Mechanical computers are devices that use mechanical components to perform computations or solve problems, as opposed to electronic components used in modern computers. These early computing devices were typically built from gears, levers, and other mechanical parts, and they operated based on physical movements and mechanical processes. ### Key Characteristics of Mechanical Computers: 1. **Physical Mechanisms**: Mechanical computers rely on physical motion and mechanical principles, such as gears, pulleys, and levers, to process information.

The Inverse Symbolic Calculator (ISC) is a computational tool designed to convert numerical values into their corresponding symbolic expressions. It operates primarily in the context of mathematical functions and operators. The ISC takes a numerical input, evaluates it, and then searches for a symbolic representation that matches that numerical output.