Chladni's law refers to a principle in acoustics, particularly in the study of vibrations and wave phenomena. Named after the German physicist Ernst Chladni, who is often regarded as the father of acoustics, it pertains to the patterns formed by vibrating surfaces, which are often visualized using sand or other fine materials. When a plate or membrane is vibrated at specific frequencies, it demonstrates nodal lines (points of no vibration) that separate regions of maximum movement.

The Chaplygin problem is a classic problem in classical mechanics that deals with the motion of a rigid body. It specifically examines the motion of a rigid body that is constrained to roll without slipping along a surface. The problem is named after the Russian mathematician Sergey Chaplygin, who studied it in the context of the dynamics of solid bodies.

The Buckmaster equation is a concept from the field of combustion and flame dynamics, specifically relating to turbulent flame behavior in gases. It is named after the researcher who derived it. The equation represents a relationship involving various physical parameters that influence the behavior of turbulent flames, particularly the balance between the production and consumption of reactants in a turbulent flow. The Buckmaster equation typically includes terms that account for: - The unburned fuel and oxidizer concentrations.

The Broer-Kaup equations are a system of partial differential equations that describe long wave interactions in shallow water waves, particularly focusing on the evolution of small amplitude waves in a two-dimensional medium. These equations arise in the context of studying wave phenomena in various physical systems, including fluid dynamics and nonlinear wave interactions. The Broer-Kaup system can be derived from the incompressible Euler equations under certain approximations and is characterized by its ability to model the evolution of wave packets and their interactions over time.

The Bogomolny equations are a set of partial differential equations that arise in the context of supersymmetric field theories and are particularly significant in the study of solitons, such as magnetic monopoles. Named after the physicist E.B. Bogomolny, these equations provide a way to find solutions that satisfy certain stability conditions. In the context of gauge theory, the Bogomolny equations generally involve a relationship between a gauge field and scalar fields.

A binary constraint is a type of constraint that involves exactly two variables in a constraint satisfaction problem (CSP). In the context of CSPs, constraints are rules or conditions that restrict the values that variables can simultaneously take. Binary constraints specify the relationships between pairs of variables and define which combinations of variable values are acceptable.

A bilinear program is a type of mathematical optimization problem that involves both linear and bilinear components in its formulation.

The Bessel-Maitland functions are a class of special functions that generalize the well-known Bessel functions. They arise in the study of differential equations, particularly those that describe wave propagation, heat conduction, and other physical phenomena.

Electronic calculators are portable, compact devices that perform mathematical calculations and operations. They utilize electronic components, typically powered by batteries or an external power source, to carry out arithmetic functions such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, as well as more advanced operations, including square roots, trigonometric functions, and logarithms, depending on the model.

The Benjamin–Ono equation is a nonlinear partial differential equation that describes the propagation of long waves in one-dimensional shallow water, specifically in the context of surface water waves. It can also be viewed as a model for various other physical phenomena. The equation is named after the mathematicians Jerry Benjamin and A. T. Ono, who derived it in the 1960s.

Early computers refer to the initial machines developed during the mid-20th century, which were designed to perform calculations and process information. These devices laid the groundwork for modern computing. Here’s a brief overview of some of the most significant early computers: 1. **Mechanical Computers**: - **Abacus**: One of the oldest calculating tools, used for arithmetic tasks.

Peter LeComber is a Canadian mathematician known for his work in combinatorics, graph theory, and mathematical problems associated with these fields. He has contributed significantly to the study of various mathematical constructs, and his research often involves discrete mathematics and algorithms.

Peter Keevash is a mathematician known for his contributions to combinatorics, particularly in the areas of random graphs and design theory. He has made significant advances in understanding various combinatorial structures and their properties. Keevash has been involved in research related to extremal combinatorics and has also worked on topics such as the existence of combinatorial designs and the probabilistic method in combinatorics.