Magnetolithography is a nanofabrication technique that utilizes magnetic fields to manipulate and pattern materials at the nanoscale. This method combines aspects of traditional lithography with magnetic forces to achieve high-resolution patterns necessary for applications in microelectronics, nanotechnology, and materials science. In magnetolithography, a magnetic-field-sensitive material, such as a ferromagnetic or paramagnetic substance, is used as a resist.

A nanophotonic resonator is a nanoscale structure designed to confine and manipulate light (photons) at the nanometer scale, typically using optical resonances. These resonators exploit the principles of photonics, which is the study of the generation, manipulation, and detection of light. Nanophotonic resonators can take various forms, including: 1. **Microring Resonators**: These are circular structures that can trap light within the ring.

Microvesicles, also known as microvesicle particles (MVPs) or ectosomes, are small membrane-bound vesicles that are released from the surface of eukaryotic cells. They range in size from approximately 100 nm to 1,000 nm in diameter and are part of a broader category of extracellular vesicles, which also includes exosomes and apoptotic bodies.

Robotic sperm refers to micro-robots designed to mimic the behavior and function of natural sperm cells. These microscopic devices are engineered to navigate through fluids, often with the intention of delivering medicine or genetic material to specific sites within a biological system, such as targeting an ovum for fertilization or reaching a tumor for therapeutic purposes.

Thermal scanning probe lithography (tSPL) is a specialized nanofabrication technique that combines scanning probe microscopy with thermal processes to create nanostructures on a substrate. This technique typically involves a sharp tip, similar to that used in atomic force microscopy (AFM), which is heated to a temperature sufficient to induce changes in the material it contacts, such as polymers or other thermally responsive materials.

Wet nanotechnology refers to a branch of nanotechnology that involves the manipulation and study of materials and structures at the nanoscale in liquid environments, as opposed to dry or vacuum conditions. This field leverages the unique properties of nanomaterials when dispersed in liquids, which can influence their behavior, reactivity, and interactions.

Hammerscale is a type of forge scale that forms during the process of blacksmithing and metalworking. It appears as small, rough scales on the surface of hot metal, particularly iron and steel, when they are heated and then cooled. Hammerscale is typically created when hot metal comes into contact with moisture, creating a layer of oxide as it cools.

Coupled substitution generally refers to a concept in various fields, including chemistry, materials science, and sometimes in economics or other disciplines. Here's a brief overview of its meaning in a couple of contexts: 1. **Chemistry**: In the context of chemistry, coupled substitution often refers to reactions where two or more substituents are replaced simultaneously or in a coordinated manner. For instance, in organic synthesis, certain reactions can facilitate the replacement of multiple functional groups in a single reaction step.

Diffraction topography is a powerful imaging technique used primarily in materials science and crystallography to investigate the internal structure and defects of crystalline materials. It is based on the principles of X-ray diffraction or neutron diffraction and allows for the visualization of the crystal lattice and any distortions or defects within the crystal.

Hermann–Mauguin notation, also known as the international notation or Schoenflies notation, is a system used in crystallography to describe the symmetry and properties of crystal structures. This notation helps categorize crystals based on their symmetry operations, such as rotations, reflections, and inversions, allowing scientists to communicate the structural characteristics of different crystalline materials succinctly. In Hermann–Mauguin notation, a crystal system is represented by a unique symbol that combines letters and numbers.

Perovskite refers to a specific class of materials that have a characteristic crystal structure named after the mineral perovskite (CaTiO3), which was first discovered in the Ural Mountains in Russia. The general formula for perovskite-structured materials can be expressed as ABX3, where: - A is a cation (a positively charged ion) that occupies the larger dodecahedral sites.

The Urbach tail refers to a particular feature of the optical absorption edge in disordered or amorphous semiconductor materials and insulators. It describes the exponential tail of the absorption spectrum that appears just below the bandgap energy of a material. In ideal crystalline semiconductors, the absorption edge is typically sharp and well-defined due to the periodic lattice structure. However, in disordered materials, defects, impurities, and localized states within the bandgap can lead to a broadening of the absorption spectrum.

"Dye-and-pry" commonly refers to a technique used in the field of chemistry and materials science, particularly in the study of polymers. However, the term can also be associated with methods in biology, such as gene expression analysis. In the context of polymers, dye-and-pry typically involves labeling or tagging a polymer with a fluorescent dye to study its properties. This method can help in understanding the interactions of polymers, their stability, or their behavior under various conditions.

Track gauges refer to the distance between the inner faces of the rails on a railway track. It is a critical component in railway design and construction, as it affects the stability and operation of trains. There are different types of track gauges, and they can be categorized mainly into three groups: 1. **Standard Gauge**: The most commonly used gauge worldwide, measuring 1,435 millimeters (4 feet 8.5 inches).

Terotechnology is a branch of engineering and management that focuses on the lifecycle management of physical assets. This concept encompasses the processes of acquisition, operation, maintenance, and disposal of assets, with the aim of maximizing their performance, reliability, and safety while minimizing costs over their lifespan. The field of terotechnology integrates various disciplines, including engineering, economics, and management, to ensure that assets such as machinery, equipment, and infrastructure are effectively managed throughout their entire lifecycle.

A flat-panel detector (FPD) is a type of imaging device primarily used in medical radiography and fluoroscopy, as well as in industrial applications. It serves as an electronic sensor that converts x-ray photons into a digital image, allowing for high-quality images to be captured quickly and efficiently. ### Key Characteristics: 1. **Structure**: Flat-panel detectors typically consist of a rectangular flat panel that houses an array of sensors, most commonly made of either amorphous silicon or selenium.

Time-of-flight ultrasonic determination of 3D elastic constants is an experimental technique used to measure the elastic properties of materials, particularly in three dimensions (3D). This method utilizes ultrasonic waves to assess how a material responds to stress and strain, allowing for the calculation of its elastic constants, which are fundamental parameters that describe the material's mechanical behavior.

Tubular NDT (Non-Destructive Testing) refers to a set of testing techniques specifically designed to evaluate the integrity and properties of tubular structures, such as pipes, tubes, and casing in various industries, including oil and gas, construction, and manufacturing. Non-destructive testing methods allow for the assessment of materials and components without causing damage, which is crucial for maintaining safety and reliability.

The Dick Volz Award is an accolade presented to honor outstanding achievement in the field of electrical and computer engineering and is typically associated with the University of Idaho. Named after Dick Volz, a long-serving faculty member in the university's electrical and computer engineering department, the award recognizes individuals for their professional contributions, service, and impact on the engineering community or their respective fields.

The Timoshenko Medal is an award established to recognize outstanding contributions in the field of mechanical engineering, particularly in applied mechanics. It is named after the renowned Russian-American engineer and educator, Stephen Timoshenko, who is often referred to as the "father of modern engineering mechanics." The medal is awarded by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and is intended to honor individuals who have made significant achievements in the areas of theory, research, or education in applied mechanics.