Nicholas J. J. Smith is a philosopher known for his work in areas such as epistemology, philosophy of language, and metaphysics. He has contributed to discussions on topics like the nature of knowledge, belief, and the relationship between language and thought. Smith has written books and articles that explore various philosophical questions and is recognized for his academic expertise.

Nick Zangwill is a philosopher known for his work in aesthetics, the philosophy of art, and the philosophy of music. He has written extensively on topics such as the nature of artistic experience, the interpretation of art, and the relationship between art and morality. Zangwill's contributions often explore how we understand and engage with art and the implications of various artistic practices.

Nicla Vassallo is an accomplished academic known for her work in the field of philosophy, particularly in areas like epistemology, philosophy of language, and the philosophy of mind. She has published various papers and contributed to discussions on subjects such as belief, knowledge, and the nature of linguistic representation. In addition to her research, she is often involved in teaching and mentoring students in philosophy.

Nijaz Ibrulj does not appear to be a widely recognized figure or term based on the data available up to October 2023. It is possible that Nijaz Ibrulj is a private individual or a name that has emerged more recently in a specific context or locality.

Norman Malcolm (1911–2001) was an influential American philosopher known for his work in the philosophy of language, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of religion. He was closely associated with the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein and was noted for his interpretations and expansions of Wittgenstein's ideas, particularly in the context of language and meaning.

Nuel Belnap is an American philosopher known for his work in logic, epistemology, and the philosophy of language. He has made significant contributions to various topics, including formal semantics, the nature of belief, and the dynamics of knowledge. Belnap is also known for his work on relevant logic and has developed theories related to the relationships between knowledge, belief, and assertion. His writings often explore how people communicate and reason, and he has published numerous articles and books in these areas.

Robert Nozick (1938–2018) was an American philosopher best known for his work in political philosophy, particularly his 1974 book "Anarchy, State, and Utopia." In this influential work, Nozick presents a libertarian perspective on the role of the state and individual rights, challenging the views of the more egalitarian theories presented by philosophers like John Rawls.

Robert Merrihew Adams is a prominent American philosopher known for his work in metaphysics, ethics, and the philosophy of religion. He is particularly recognized for his contributions to discussions on the nature of God, moral philosophy, and the problem of evil. Adams is well-known for his defense of a theistic view that emphasizes the importance of divine properties in understanding morality.

Marilyn McCord Adams (1939–2017) was an American philosopher known primarily for her work in the philosophy of religion, particularly in the areas of theodicy, metaphysics, and the problem of evil. She was a prominent figure in discussions about the existence of God and the compatibility of faith with the presence of suffering and evil in the world. Adams is best known for her arguments regarding the nature of God and the challenges posed by profound evil and human suffering.

Maria Baghramian is a notable philosopher, best known for her work in the fields of epistemology, political philosophy, and the philosophy of science. She has contributed significantly to discussions on the nature of knowledge, disagreement, and the epistemic implications of pluralism. Baghramian has also addressed issues related to relativism and the social dimensions of knowledge.

The dominating model of a computer.

The model is extremely simple, but has been proven to be able to solve all the problems that any reasonable computer model can solve, thus its adoption as the "default model".

The smallest known Turing machine that cannot be proven to halt or not as of 2019 is 7,918-states: www.scottaaronson.com/blog/?p=2725. Shtetl-Optimized by Scott Aaronson is just the best website.

A bunch of non-reasonable-looking computers have also been proven to be Turing complete for fun, e.g. Magic: The Gathering.

Margaret Gilbert is a prominent philosopher known for her work in social philosophy, particularly in areas such as collective action, social groups, and the nature of joint commitment. She is best known for her theory of "joint commitment," which explains how individuals can come together to form groups and make collective decisions that are binding on the members of that group.

Naomi Baron is a linguist and a professor known for her work in the field of linguistics, particularly in the areas of language and technology, as well as language, literacy, and communication. She is a recognized authority on how digital communication affects language and writing practices. One of her notable contributions is her book "Words Onscreen: The Fate of Reading in a Digital World," which explores how reading online is changing our interaction with text and its implications for literacy and comprehension.

Martin Cohen is a British philosopher, writer, and educator known for his work on critical thinking, logic, and the philosophy of science. He has focused on the importance of reasoning skills and the application of philosophy to everyday life and societal issues. Cohen is also noted for his accessible writing style, making philosophical concepts approachable for a general audience. In addition to his philosophical work, he is involved in various educational initiatives and has authored several books aimed at promoting clear thinking and analysis among a wide range of readers.

M. M. Sharif could refer to a specific individual, possibly an academic, author, or professional in a particular field, but without additional context, it's difficult to provide a precise answer. There are many people with the initials M.M. Sharif, and the significance of the name could vary widely based on the context in which you encountered it. If you have more information or a particular context in mind—such as a field (e.g.

Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951) was an Austrian-British philosopher who is considered one of the most important figures in 20th-century philosophy, particularly in the areas of language, mind, and logic. His work has had a profound impact on various fields including philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, epistemology, and even mathematics.