Einstein for the theoretical explanation of the photoelectric effect from 1905, notably published as on a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light by Einstein (1905).

To Ernest Lawrence for the cyclotron.

Analogous to what the Euler-Lagrange equation is to Lagrangian mechanics, Hamilton's equations give the equations of motion from a given input Hamiltonian:So once you have the Hamiltonian, you can write down this system of partial differential equations which can then be numerically solved.

Nuclear magnetic resonance work:

To Brian Josephson for the prediction of the Josephson effect.

This was so hot (no pun intended) and reproducible that the prize was awarded one year after discovery. Quite rare in those days already.

This one took a while! Major developments were from the 70s! Perhaps it took the Internet revolution to make its importance clear.

The dual space of a vector space $V$, sometimes denoted $V^{\ast }$, is the vector space of all linear forms over $V$ with the obvious addition and scalar multiplication operations defined.

Since a linear form is completely determined by how it acts on a basis, and since for each basis element it is specified by a scalar, at least in finite dimension, the dimension of the dual space is the same as the $V$, and so they are isomorphic because all vector spaces of the same dimension on a given field are isomorphic, and so the dual is quite a boring concept in the context of finite dimension.

Infinite dimension seems more interesting however, see: en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dual_space&oldid=1046421278#Infinite-dimensional_case

One place where duals are different from the non-duals however is when dealing with tensors, because they transform differently than vectors from the base space $V$.

Currently, none of the crucial cross file features like \x, \Include and table of contents are working. I was waiting until the above mentioned features were done, and now I'm going to get to that.

Cirists,

It is quite amusing that the starting point to identifying the heat one was capsaicin, as it stimulates the exact same receptor!!!

Gas chromatography.

Understand and explain amazingly every single Nobel Prize in physics, chemistry and biology. Since in particular the Nobel Foundation is unable to do that for any at all, especially of the key old ones, e.g. www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1965/summary/. Hopeless.

To be fair, those in theoretical physics at least basically come down to reading a bunch of books. But perhaps anything slightly more experimental could have

Every article now has a (very basic) GitHub-like issue tracker. Comments now go under issues, and issues go under articles. Issues themselves are very similar to articles, with a title and a body.

This was part of 1.0, but not the first priority, but I did it now anyways because I'm trying to do all the database changes ASAP as I'm not in the mood to write database migrations.

Here's an example:

A waste of time like the rest of the knowledge olympiads.

By Zuckerberg. The selection seems decent. And natural sciences only, which is good. A bit more application oriented than the Nobel Prize it seems, e.g. 2022 separates physics and fundamental physics.

Appears to explain award reasoning even worse than the Nobel Foundation.