Moravec's paradox by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
Install MongoDB on Ubuntu by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
Tested as of Ubuntu 20.04, there is no Mongo package available by default due to their change to Server Side Public License, which Debian opposed. Therefore, you have to add their custom PPA as mentioned at: docs.mongodb.com/manual/tutorial/install-mongodb-on-ubuntu/
Integer factorization by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
Complexity: NP-intermediate as of 2020:
The basis of RSA: RSA. But not proved NP-complete, which leads to:
k-nearest neighbors algorithm by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
One of the most simply classification algorithm one can think of: just see whatever kind of point your new point seems to be closer to, and say it is also of that type! Then it is just a question of defining "close".
Intercontinental ballistic missile by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
Video 1.
Missileers by BBC (2000)
Source.
Documentary about American ICBM crews working on the Francis. E. Warren Air Force Base. Wiki mentions that there are 3 main sites in the USA, and plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.ii.042 suggests all/most of them are in the Great Plains area. They operate a Minuteman system, which as of 2021 is the only nuclear ICBM system in the USA.
Good documentary, shows well the day-to-day life of the operator, including outside of the work site.
Video 2. . Source. Shows logistic operations behind the American ICBM system of the time. Reuploaded to showcase the IBM 705 system used to track parts, notably the usage of a punch cards.
Korean drama by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
www.nytimes.com/2023/07/09/world/asia/north-korea-china-defectors.html
North Korea keeps itself cut off from the internet and sends these highly trained specialists to do work in China, Southeast Asia and elsewhere to avoid international sanctions imposed on the country for its nuclear weapons program. The specialists usually live together in dormitory apartments, where they are instructed to spy on each other. Their North Korean minders look for signs of disloyalty - like watching K-dramas.
K-drama, the ultimate symbol of resistance. Epic.
k-transitive group by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
TODO why do we care about this?
Note that if a group is k-transitive, then it is also k-1-transitive.
International Computers Limited by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
They died so completely, Googling "ICL" now has higher hits such as Imperial College London.
Video 1.
Why the UK's IBM Failed by Asianometry (2022)
Source. Main lesson perhaps: don't put national money to fight already established markets. You have to fight for what is coming up next. E.g. that is part of the reason for TSMC's success.
Varsity (Cambridge) by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
Ł by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
Video 1.
Exploring! the Special Letters of the Polish Alphabet: L by Polish Girl Next Door (2021)
Source.
Lab vs cyclotron X-ray crystallography by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
cyclotrons produce the better images, but they are expensive/you have to move to them and order a timeslot.
Lab-based just use some X-ray source from the lab, so it is much move convenient e.g. for a pharmaceutical company doing a bunch of images. The Wikipedia image shows such a self-contained lab system: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Freezed_XRD.jpg
Ladder operator by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
The operators are a natural guess on the lines of "if p and x were integers".
And then we can prove the ladder properties easily.
The commutator appear in the middle of this analysis.
Equal opportunity by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
Lagrange's four-square theorem by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
Lagrangian mechanics by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
Originally it was likely created to study constrained mechanical systems where you want to use some "custom convenient" variables to parametrize things instead of global x, y, z. Classical examples that you must have in mind include:
lagrangian mechanics lectures by Michel van Biezen (2017) is a good starting point.
When doing lagrangian mechanics, we just lump together all generalized coordinates into a single vector that maps time to the full state:
where each component can be anything, either the x/y/z coordinates relative to the ground of different particles, or angles, or nay other crazy thing we want.
The Lagrangian is a function that maps:
to a real number.
Then, the stationary action principle says that the actual path taken obeys the Euler-Lagrange equation:
This produces a system of partial differential equations with:
The mixture of so many derivatives is a bit mind mending, so we can clarify them a bit further. At:
the is just identifying which argument of the Lagrangian we are differentiating by: the i-th according to the order of our definition of the Lagrangian. It is not the actual function, just a mnemonic.
Then at:
  • the part is just like the previous term, just identifies the argument with index ( because we have the non derivative arguments)
  • after the partial derivative is taken and returns a new function , then the multivariable chain rule comes in and expands everything into terms
However, people later noticed that the Lagrangian had some nice properties related to Lie group continuous symmetries.
Basically it seems that the easiest way to come up with new quantum field theory models is to first find the Lagrangian, and then derive the equations of motion from them.
For every continuous symmetry in the system (modelled by a Lie group), there is a corresponding conservation law: local symmetries of the Lagrangian imply conserved currents.
Genius: Richard Feynman and Modern Physics by James Gleick (1994) chapter "The Best Path" mentions that Richard Feynman didn't like the Lagrangian mechanics approach when he started university at MIT, because he felt it was too magical. The reason is that the Lagrangian approach basically starts from the principle that "nature minimizes the action across time globally". This implies that things that will happen in the future are also taken into consideration when deciding what has to happen before them! Much like the lifeguard in the lifegard problem making global decisions about the future. However, chapter "Least Action in Quantum Mechanics" comments that Feynman later notice that this was indeed necessary while developping Wheeler-Feynman absorber theory into quantum electrodynamics, because they felt that it would make more sense to consider things that way while playing with ideas such as positrons are electrons travelling back in time. This is in contrast with Hamiltonian mechanics, where the idea of time moving foward is more directly present, e.g. as in the Schrödinger equation.
Furthermore, given the symmetry, we can calculate the derived conservation law, and vice versa.
And partly due to the above observations, it was noticed that the easiest way to describe the fundamental laws of particle physics and make calculations with them is to first formulate their Lagrangian somehow: S.
Video 1. Source. Well, unsurprisingly, it is exactly what you can expect from an Eugene Khutoryansky video.
Interpreted programming language by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
Interestingly, the very first programming language with an actual implementation was interpreted: Short Code in 1950.
This is not surprising, as interpreters are easier to write than compilers.
And just like modern scripting languages, it reduced execution speed by about 50x.
Lagrangian mechanics lectures by Michel van Biezen (2017) by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
Original playlist name: "PHYSICS 68 ADVANCED MECHANICS: LAGRANGIAN MECHANICS"
Author: Michel van Biezen.
High school classical mechanics material, no mention of the key continuous symmetry part.
But does have a few classic pendulum/pulley/spring worked out examples that would be really wise to get under your belt first.

Pinned article: ourbigbook/introduction-to-the-ourbigbook-project

Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
We have two killer features:
  1. topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculus
    Articles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
    • a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
    • a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
    This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
    Figure 1.
    Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page
    . View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivative
  2. local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:
    This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
    Figure 5. . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally.
    Video 3.
    Edit locally and publish demo
    . Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension.
  3. https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook-media/master/feature/x/hilbert-space-arrow.png
  4. Infinitely deep tables of contents:
    Figure 6.
    Dynamic article tree with infinitely deep table of contents
    .
    Descendant pages can also show up as toplevel e.g.: ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/chordate-subclade
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact