The Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) is a research institution based in the Czech Republic that is part of the Czech Academy of Sciences (AS CR). It focuses on various aspects of atmospheric science and aims to improve the understanding of atmospheric processes and their impact on climate and weather.

A plasma speaker is a type of loudspeaker that uses a plasma arc to produce sound. Unlike traditional speakers that use cones or diaphragms to move air and create sound waves, plasma speakers create sound by using a high-voltage electric arc, generating plasma that emits sound waves directly into the air. Here’s how it works: 1. **Plasma Arc Creation**: A high-voltage electrical circuit generates a stable plasma arc, which is a stream of ionized gas.

The Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (MPE) is a renowned research institution based in Garching, Germany. It is part of the Max Planck Society, which is one of the leading organizations for fundamental research in Europe. The MPE focuses on astrophysics and the study of phenomena beyond Earth, including the structure and evolution of the universe, the nature of cosmic sources such as stars and galaxies, and the research of fundamental interactions in the universe.

The Radiophysical Research Institute (RRI) is a scientific research institution based in Russia, primarily focused on the fields of radiophysics and related disciplines. Established in the mid-20th century, RRI conducts research in various areas, including radio wave propagation, radar technology, and remote sensing. The institute is known for its contributions to both theoretical and applied research, often collaborating with governmental bodies, industries, and other research organizations.

The Racah Institute of Physics is a prominent research and educational institution located at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel. Named after the Italian-Israeli physicist Giulio Racah, the institute specializes in various fields of physics, including theoretical and experimental physics, nuclear physics, condensed matter physics, and astrophysics. The institute is known for its advanced research programs, high-quality education for undergraduate and graduate students, and collaborations with other scientific institutions worldwide.

Electrothermal instability refers to a phenomenon that can occur in certain types of systems, particularly in plasmas and semiconductor devices, where an interplay between thermal conductivity and electric fields leads to unstable conditions. In essence, it describes a situation in which an increase in temperature can lead to an increase in electric current, which in turn can cause further heating, creating a feedback loop that can result in significant fluctuations or even catastrophic failure.

The Chinese Optical Society (COS) is a professional organization dedicated to promoting the advancement and dissemination of optical science and technology in China. Established to foster research and development in the field of optics, the society serves as a platform for researchers, educators, and industry professionals to collaborate, share knowledge, and showcase their work. COS organizes various activities, including conferences, workshops, and academic exchanges, facilitating networking among members and providing opportunities for the presentation of research findings.

The Estonian Physical Society (Eesti Füüsika Selts) is a professional organization dedicated to promoting the study and advancement of physics in Estonia. It serves as a platform for physicists, researchers, and enthusiasts to connect, share knowledge, and collaborate on various scientific endeavors. The society typically engages in organizing conferences, seminars, and workshops, as well as publishing journals and newsletters related to physics.

The Italian Society for General Relativity and Gravitation (Società Italiana di Relatività Generale e Gravitazione, or SIGRAV) is a scientific organization focused on the promotion and development of research in the fields of general relativity and gravitation, as well as related areas in theoretical physics.

The Photonics Society of Poland (PSP) is an organization dedicated to the promotion and advancement of photonics — the science and technology of light generation, manipulation, and detection. It serves as a platform for researchers, practitioners, and industry professionals to collaborate, share knowledge, and foster innovation in the field of photonics.

The Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh (RPSE) is a learned society based in Edinburgh, Scotland, dedicated to the promotion and advancement of the study and practice of physics and related disciplines. Established in 1783, it is one of the oldest scientific societies in the world. The society aims to foster communication and collaboration among physicists, promote public understanding of physics, and support education and research in the field.

Cyclic salts are a type of chemical compound that contain a cyclic structure and possess ionic properties. These compounds can form when specific anions and cations associate in a cyclic arrangement, often leading to unique properties in comparison to non-cyclic salts. For example, in organic chemistry, cyclic salts can refer to compounds that have a cyclic cation or anion, such as certain types of ammonium salts derived from cyclic amines or cyclic ethers.

The Society of Friends of André-Marie Ampère, often referred to as the Société des Amis d'André-Marie Ampère, is an organization dedicated to promoting the legacy and contributions of André-Marie Ampère, a prominent French physicist and mathematician best known for his foundational work in electromagnetism. Ampère's name is immortalized in the unit of electric current, the ampere (A).

A Faraday cup is a device used in various fields of physics and engineering, particularly in the study of charged particles and electron beams. Named after the scientist Michael Faraday, it serves as a tool for measuring the current of charged particles, such as electrons or ions, by collecting them and allowing for the measurement of the charge. The basic structure of a Faraday cup consists of a conductive cup or chamber that can capture and hold charged particles.

A Langmuir probe is a scientific instrument used to measure the properties of plasma, which is an ionized gas composed of ions, electrons, and neutral particles. The probe is named after Irving Langmuir, an American chemist and physicist who contributed significantly to the field of plasma physics.

Edge-localized mode (ELM) is a phenomenon observed in magnetically confined plasma in devices like tokamaks, which are used for nuclear fusion research. ELMs are characterized by periodic, explosive bursts of plasma that occur at the edge of the plasma confinement region. These bursts are associated with the release of energy and particles from the edge of the plasma, which can have significant implications for the overall performance and stability of the plasma confinement.

The term "Plasma parameter" generally refers to a set of dimensionless parameters used to characterize the behavior of plasmas, which are ionized gases consisting of charged particles (ions and electrons) that exhibit collective behavior. Plasma parameters help in understanding the properties, stability, and dynamics of plasmas in various contexts, ranging from astrophysical phenomena to laboratory experiments.

Jiří Linhart could refer to different individuals, but without specific context, it's difficult to determine who you might be referring to. He could be a person of interest in various fields such as academia, art, or sports.