Light watch transverse to direction of motion. This case is interesting because it separates length contraction from time dilation completely.

Of course, as usual in special relativity, calling something "time dilation" leads us to mind boggling ideas of "symmetry breaking": if both frames have a light watch, how can both possibly observe the other to be time dilated?

And the answer to this, is the usual: in special relativity time and space are interwoven in a fucked up way, everything is just a spacetime event.

In this case, there are three spacetime events of interest: both clocks start at same position, your beam hits up at x=0, moving frame hits up at x>0.

Those two mentioned events are spacelike-separated events, and therefore even though they seem simultaneous to you, they are not going to be simultaneous to the moving observer!

If little clock one meter away from you tells you that at the time of some event (your light beam hit up) the moving light watch was only 50% up, this is just a number given by your one meter away watch!

One major advantage: eukaryotes can do phagocytosis due to their cytoskeleton.

More generic PCR information at: Section "Polymerase chain reaction".

Because it is considered the less interesting step, and because it takes quite some time, this step was done by the event organizers between the two event days, so participants did not get to take many photos.

PCR protocols are very standard it seems, all that biologists need to know to reproduce is the time and temperature of each step.

We did 35 cycles of:

This process used a Marshal Scientific MJ Research PTC-200 Thermal Cycler:

We added PCR primers for regions that surround the 16S DNA. The primers are just bought from a vendor, and we used well known regions are called 27F and 1492R. Here is a paper that analyzes other choices: academic.oup.com/femsle/article/221/2/299/630719 (archive) "Evaluation of primers and PCR conditions for the analysis of 16S rRNA genes from a natural environment" by Yuichi Hongoh, Hiroe Yuzawa, Moriya Ohkuma, Toshiaki Kudo (2003)

One cool thing about the PCR is that we can also add a known barcode at the end of each primer as shown at Code 1. "PCR diagram".

This means that we bought a few different versions of our 27F/1492R primers, each with a different small DNA tag attached directly to them in addition to the matching sequence.

This way, we were able to:

Input: Bacterial DNA (a little bit)
... --- 27S --- 16S --- 1492R --- ...

|||
|||
vvv

Output: PCR output (a lot of)
Barcode --- 27S --- 16S --- 1492R

Finally, after purification, we used the Qiagen QIAquick PCR Purification Kit protocol to purify the generated from unwanted PCR byproducts.

Experiments: speed of light experiments.

uk.vwr.com/store/product/8306728/microcentrifuges-ventilated-refrigerated-micro-star-17-17r (archive).

This is a good company, first they truly helped reduce international transfer fees. They they continued to morph into a decent challenger bank.

Their Wise Interest account was amazing as of late 2023: wise.com/gb/interest/

Instant access with representative national interests and 0.29% fees.

Brick and mortar banks were way way behind in that regard!

E.g. October 2023, Wise was doing 4.87% interest after fees, while Barclay's best option was 1.16% above 5k pounds on the Rainy Day Saver (5% below). Ridiculous!

Update: On November 2023 unfortunately they more than doubled their fees from 0.19% to 0.46%:but it still was a good option to keep cash in.

This is quite close! But as mentioned at: stars nearest to the Sun, there are several others nearby. Notably Sirius at 9 ly, the brightest star in the sky as of 2020.

Particle statistics is a branch of statistical mechanics that deals with the distribution and behavior of particles in systems at the microscopic scale. This field is essential for understanding the properties of gases, liquids, and solids, as well as phenomena in fields such as condensed matter physics, quantum mechanics, and thermodynamics.

Lagrange stability refers to a concept in the field of dynamical systems and control theory, specifically concerning the stability of equilibria in nonlinear systems. Named after the mathematician Joseph-Louis Lagrange, this stability concept is closely related to other stability notions such as Lyapunov stability. However, the term "Lagrange stability" is not as commonly referenced as others, and may sometimes lead to some confusion or misattribution.

Linear stability refers to the analysis of the stability of equilibrium points (also known as steady states or fixed points) in dynamical systems by examining the behavior of small perturbations around those points. It is a fundamental concept in various fields such as physics, engineering, biology, and economics. When considering a dynamical system described by equations (often ordinary differential equations), the stability of an equilibrium point can be assessed by performing a linearization of the system.

The "Bob and Wheel" is a poetic device used in Middle English literature, particularly in the alliterative poetry of the 14th century. It is most famously found in the poem "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight," attributed to the Pearl Poet. The structure of the Bob and Wheel consists of two main parts: 1. **The "Bob"**: This is a short line, typically consisting of two or three stressed syllables.

Ottava rima is a form of poetry that consists of eight-line stanzas (octaves) with a specific rhyme scheme of ABABABCC. This structure is typically written in iambic pentameter, meaning each line has ten syllables with an alternating pattern of unstressed and stressed syllables.

Spin stiffness is a concept from condensed matter physics and statistical mechanics that is related to the resistance of a magnetic system to changes in its spin configuration. It's particularly important in the study of magnets, spin systems, and quantum materials. In more technical terms, spin stiffness quantifies how much energy is required to twist the spins in a magnetic system away from their preferred orientation. This can be understood in the context of both classical and quantum systems.

The Tarantula Nebula, also known as 30 Doradus, is a large emission nebula located in the Dorado constellation. It is one of the most prominent star-forming regions in our local group of galaxies and is situated within the Large Magellanic Cloud, a dwarf galaxy that orbits the Milky Way.

Multiple stars are a group of two or more stars that are physically related and bound by gravity. They can exist in several configurations, categorized primarily into binary stars, triple stars, and higher-order systems. Here are the main types of multiple stars: 1. **Binary Stars**: These systems consist of two stars orbiting around a common center of mass. They can be further classified into: - **Visual Binaries**: Stars that can be distinguished from one another through a telescope.

In statistical mechanics and thermodynamics, a **partition function** is a fundamental concept that encapsulates the statistical properties of a system in equilibrium. It serves as a bridge between the microscopic states of a system and its macroscopic thermodynamic properties.

The ANNNI model, which stands for "Axial Next-Nearest Neighbor Ising" model, is a theoretical framework used in statistical mechanics to study phase transitions and ordering in magnetic systems. It is an extension of the Ising model that includes interactions beyond nearest neighbors. The ANNNI model is particularly known for its ability to describe systems that exhibit more complex ordering phenomena, such as alternating or non-uniform magnetic order.