Sheldon Glashow is an American theoretical physicist best known for his contributions to the field of particle physics. He was born on December 5, 1932, and is one of the co-developers of the electroweak theory, which describes the unification of the electromagnetic force and the weak nuclear force. This groundbreaking work was part of the framework that led to the Standard Model of particle physics.

Bruce Alberts is an American biochemist known for his contributions to science education and research in the field of cell biology. He served as the editor-in-chief of the journal *Science* and has been involved in various significant scientific organizations. Alberts is particularly recognized for his work on the structure and function of proteins involved in DNA replication and cell division. In addition to his scientific research, he has been a prominent advocate for improving science education, both in the United States and internationally.

Katherine Oppenheimer, often referred to as "Kitty," was the wife of J. Robert Oppenheimer, the American theoretical physicist best known for his role as the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory during the Manhattan Project, which developed the first atomic bombs during World War II. Katherine was born on April 8, 1910, and she was an accomplished individual in her own right, having studied biology and worked as a research assistant before her marriage.

Eli Yablonovitch is a prominent physicist known for his significant contributions to the fields of optics and materials science. He is particularly recognized for his work on photonic band gaps and the development of photonic crystals, which are materials engineered to create specific optical properties. His work has implications for various technologies, including telecommunications, renewable energy, and advanced imaging systems.

Gersh Budker was a prominent physicist known for his contributions to the fields of plasma physics and accelerator physics. He is best known for his work on the development of the "smooth-focusing" principle in the design of particle accelerators and his involvement in the advancement of plasma confinement techniques. Budker made significant strides in the use of magnetic fields in controlling plasma, which has applications in nuclear fusion research and high-energy particle accelerators.

Abram Ioffe (or Ioffe Institute) typically refers to the A.F. Ioffe Institute of Physics and Technology, which is a research institution located in St. Petersburg, Russia. Founded in 1932 by physicist Abram Fedorovich Ioffe, the institute is known for its contributions to various fields of physics, materials science, and technology. It conducts research in areas such as quantum electronics, optoelectronics, nanotechnology, and semiconductor physics.

The Josephson voltage standard is a precise electrical standard for voltage measurement based on the Josephson effect, a phenomenon discovered by physicist Brian D. Josephson in 1962. This effect occurs in superconducting materials, where a supercurrent can flow between two superconductors separated by a thin insulating barrier, allowing for the generation of an accurate and stable voltage.

El Capitan is a supercomputer developed by Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) in the United States. It is part of the High-Performance Computing Innovation Ecosystem and is designed to address a range of scientific challenges, particularly in national security, including nuclear weapons stockpile stewardship. El Capitan is notable for utilizing advanced CPU and GPU architectures to achieve high performance, with an expected peak performance of around 2 exaflops (2 quintillion calculations per second).

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) is a large-scale scientific research facility located at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in California, USA. Its primary purpose is to conduct research in inertial confinement fusion (ICF), which is a method of achieving nuclear fusion by compressing and heating a fuel target, typically consisting of isotopes of hydrogen, using intense laser energy.

Angular correlation in the context of electron-positron annihilation refers to the angular distribution of the gamma radiation produced when an electron and its antiparticle, the positron, annihilate each other. When an electron and positron collide, they can annihilate to produce gamma-ray photons. Typically, this process produces two gamma rays (photons) that travel in opposite directions.

Supermodular functions are a special class of functions that have properties related to increasing returns to scale, and they play a significant role in various fields such as economics, game theory, and optimization.

The Berthold Leibinger Zukunftspreis (Berthold Leibinger Future Award) is a prestigious award presented to individuals and organizations that have made significant contributions to the field of laser technology. Established in honor of Berthold Leibinger, a prominent figure in the laser industry and former CEO of the Trumpf GmbH + Co. KG, the award aims to promote innovation and research in laser technology and its applications.

Continuous geometry is a branch of mathematics that generalizes classical geometry to structures that are defined in a continuous manner rather than through discrete points. It was developed by mathematician David Hilbert in the early 20th century and further extended by other mathematicians. In continuous geometry, the focus is often on the properties and relationships of geometric structures that can be described using continuous parameters.

A **distributive lattice** is a specialized type of lattice in the field of order theory, a branch of mathematics. A lattice is a partially ordered set (poset) in which any two elements have a unique supremum (join) and an infimum (meet).

Argus Laser typically refers to a specific type of laser system developed by various manufacturers, often used for industrial, medical, or research applications. However, there may be different systems or technologies that bear the "Argus" name, including those in the fields of manufacturing, telecommunications, or scientific research. For example, some Argus laser systems may focus on precision cutting, welding, or marking materials, while others may be used in medical procedures such as laser surgery or dermatology.

The National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) is a high-performance computing facility located at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) in California. It is operated by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and serves as a key resource for scientists and researchers in the energy and physical sciences.

SCALD can refer to different things depending on the context. The most common meanings include: 1. **Scald (general term)**: A burn caused by hot liquids or steam. Scalding injuries are often associated with incidents involving hot water, cooking liquids, or steam. 2. **SCALD in computing**: It may refer to an acronym or specific software used in a particular field or application.

Silo is a library that focuses on providing a simple and efficient interface for building scalable and high-performance applications, particularly in the context of data processing and in-memory computing. It is designed to facilitate the management of distributed systems, enabling developers to work with large-scale data and perform complex computations. Key features of Silo might include: 1. **Distributed Computing**: Silo often supports distributed architectures, allowing applications to leverage multiple nodes for processing data more efficiently.

The UGM-27 Polaris was a submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) developed by the United States in the late 1950s. It was part of a family of weapons designed to provide the U.S. Navy with a second-strike capability during the Cold War. The Polaris was specifically designed for deployment on nuclear-powered submarines, notably the George Washington-class submarines.

Ani Aprahamian is a prominent physicist known for her work in nuclear experimental physics. She has made significant contributions to the understanding of nuclear structure and reactions, particularly in relation to the processes that occur in stars and during stellar nucleosynthesis. Aprahamian is also noted for her involvement in educational initiatives and her advocacy for increasing diversity in the sciences, including efforts to support women and underrepresented groups in physics.