A selectable marker is a gene or genetic sequence used in genetic engineering and molecular biology to identify and isolate cells that have been successfully modified or transformed. These markers typically provide a phenotype that can be easily recognized or measured, allowing researchers to distinguish between cells that carry the desired genetic modification and those that do not. Selectable markers are commonly used in processes such as cloning, where they help in the selection of cells that have taken up plasmids or other vectors that contain the gene of interest.

TBST stands for Tris-Buffered Saline with Tween 20. It is a buffer solution commonly used in biological and biochemical research, particularly in the context of immunological assays and Western blotting. The components of TBST include: - **Tris (tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane)**: This is a common buffer that helps maintain a stable pH, usually around pH 7.4.

The Society for Mathematical Biology (SMB) is a professional organization dedicated to promoting and supporting the field of mathematical biology. It seeks to foster collaboration and communication among researchers who apply mathematical methods and modeling to understand biological systems. The society aims to facilitate the development and application of mathematical techniques to various biological problems, ranging from cellular and molecular biology to ecological and evolutionary dynamics.

Sulfur assimilation is the biological process through which organisms, particularly plants, fungi, and some bacteria, take up inorganic sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from their environment and convert it into organic sulfur compounds. This process is essential for the synthesis of amino acids, proteins, and various coenzymes that contain sulfur, such as cysteine and methionine, which are vital for various metabolic functions and structural roles in cells.

The term "synchronous coefficient of drag alteration" does not appear to be a widely recognized or standard phrase in the fields of aerodynamics, fluid mechanics, or engineering as of my last update in October 2023. It's possible that it pertains to a specific study, specialized application, or emerging concept that has not yet gained broad acceptance or acknowledgment in the literature.

Tardigrades, also known as water bears, are microscopic organisms known for their resilience to extreme environmental conditions, including high radiation, extreme temperatures, dehydration, and even the vacuum of space. This remarkable survivability is attributed to several unique proteins and biological mechanisms they possess.

Trans-acting refers to a mechanism in molecular biology where interactions occur between factors that are not physically located together but can influence each other's activity. This term is often used in the context of genetic regulation, where trans-acting elements, such as proteins or RNA molecules, can affect the expression of genes located elsewhere in the genome. For example, transcription factors are proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences near genes (called cis-acting elements) to regulate their transcription.

In biology, translation is a crucial process in the expression of genes, where the genetic code carried by messenger RNA (mRNA) is translated into a polypeptide chain, forming proteins. This process occurs in the ribosomes, which can be found in the cytoplasm or on the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells.

Transrepression refers to a mechanism by which certain proteins, especially transcription factors or receptors, inhibit the expression of specific genes. This process is part of the broader regulatory framework of gene expression and involves the binding of repressor proteins to particular DNA sequences or interaction with other proteins involved in the transcriptional machinery.

Trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry refers to a three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule where a central atom is bonded to three other atoms, forming the base of a pyramid, while a lone pair of electrons occupies the apex position. This shape arises due to the presence of a lone pair of electrons that exerts a repulsive force, causing the bonded atoms to be pushed down, resulting in a pyramidal arrangement.

Trizol, or TRIzol reagent, is a widely used reagent in molecular biology for the isolation of RNA, DNA, and proteins from biological samples. It is a phenol-based solution that facilitates the extraction of nucleic acids and proteins by separating them into different phases when mixed with a biological sample and subsequently centrifuged.

UGGT stands for "UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase," which is an enzyme involved in the modification of glycoproteins. This enzyme plays a crucial role in the quality control and folding of glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. UGGT adds glucose residues to misfolded glycoproteins, which assists in their proper folding and quality assessment.

Ultrasensitivity refers to a phenomenon in biochemistry and cellular signaling whereby a small change in the concentration of a signaling molecule or stimulant can produce a disproportionately large response from a biological system. This occurs in various biological processes, including receptor signaling pathways, gene expression, and metabolic regulation. In ultrasensitive systems, the relationship between the input (e.g., ligand concentration) and the output (e.g., cellular response) is characterized by steep sigmoidal curves rather than linear responses.

In the context of molecular biology, "upstream" and "downstream" refer to the relative positions of different sequences within a gene or DNA fragment. 1. **Upstream**: This term refers to the regions of DNA that are located before (in the 5' direction) of a specific reference point, typically the transcription start site of a gene. Upstream regions often contain promoter sequences and other regulatory elements that play crucial roles in the initiation of transcription.

In gene therapy, a vector refers to a vehicle used to deliver therapeutic genes into a patient's cells. The primary purpose of using vectors is to ensure that the introduced genetic material can effectively enter the target cells, express the desired protein, and potentially correct or alleviate the underlying cause of a genetic disorder. Vectors can be broadly categorized into two types: viral vectors and non-viral vectors. ### 1.

Zinc finger protein 576 (ZNF576) is a member of the zinc finger protein family, which is characterized by the presence of zinc finger motifs. These motifs allow proteins to bind to DNA, RNA, or proteins, playing crucial roles in various biological processes, including transcription regulation, cell signaling, and developmental processes. ZNF576 is encoded by the ZNF576 gene, which is located on chromosome 19 in humans.

A DNA walker is a type of molecular machine made from DNA that can perform specific tasks in a controlled and programmable manner. These walking systems are designed to move along a track made of DNA or other nucleic acid structures, enabling them to carry cargo, deliver drugs, or perform sensing functions. The basic principle behind DNA walkers involves the use of specific DNA sequences that can interact with each other through complementary base pairing.

Prismane is a hydrocarbon compound that is notable for its unique structure and properties. It belongs to a class of molecules known as polycyclic hydrocarbons, which contain multiple interconnected aromatic rings. More specifically, prismane has a structure resembling that of a prism, composed of a core of fused benzene rings.

As of my last knowledge update in October 2023, "Prismanes" does not appear to be a widely recognized term in English, science, or popular culture. It is possible that it could refer to a niche topic, a brand, a fictional element, or a term that has emerged after my last update.

Seesaw molecular geometry refers to a specific three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule characterized by the presence of four bonding pairs and one lone pair of electrons around a central atom. This geometry arises from the molecular structure of molecules that have a trigonal bipyramidal electronic geometry but experience variations due to lone pair repulsion.