Authentication (cryptography) Updated 2025-07-16
In the context of cryptography, authentication means "ensuring that the message you got comes from who you think it did".
Authentication is one of the hardest parts of cryptography, because the only truly secure way to do it is by driving to the other party yourself to establish a pre-shared key so you can do message authentication code. Or to share your public key with them if you are satisfied with the safety of post-quantum cryptography.
Autism Updated 2025-07-16
Automated theorem proving Updated 2025-10-14
AGI-complete in general? Obviously. But still, a lot can be done. See e.g.:
Available battery voltages Updated 2025-07-16
Only certain battery voltages exist, because this voltage depends intrinsically on the battery's chemical composition.
learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/battery-technologies/all (CC BY-SA) has a very good summary list, reordered from lowest to highest voltage:
Battery ShapeChemistryNominal VoltageRechargeable?
AA, AAA, C, D (Rechargeable)NiMH or NiCd1.2VYes
AA, AAA, C, and DAlkaline or Zinc-carbon1.5VNo
Coin CellLithium3VNo
Silver Flat PackLithium Polymer (LiPo)3.7VYes
9VAlkaline or Zinc-carbon9VNo
Car BatterySix-cell lead acid12.6VYes
Since Snakes and Ladders is nothing but a Absorbing Markov chain, the results are exactly the same as for that general problem.
www.jstor.org/stable/3619261: How Long Is a Game of Snakes and Ladders? by Althoen, King and Schilling (1993), paywalled.
Avogadro project Updated 2025-07-16
Whichever problem you present a German, they will look for a mechanical solution to it!
These come with pre-installed drivers, so e.g. nvidia-smi just works on them out of the box, tested on g5.xlarge which has an Nvidia A10G GPU. Good choice as a starting point for deep learning experiments.
Axle Updated 2025-07-16
Axon Updated 2025-07-16
B3 Oxford physics course Updated 2025-07-16
users.physics.ox.ac.uk/~lvovsky/B3/ contain assorted PDFs from between 2015 and 2019
Syllabus reads:
Professor in 2000s seems to be
But as of 2023 marked emeritus, so who took over?
Ewart is actually religious:
This dude is pure trouble for Oxford!
B4 Oxford physics course Updated 2025-07-16
2015 professor: Alan J. Barr.
Possible 2022 professor: Guy Wilkinson (unconfirmed): www.chch.ox.ac.uk/staff/professor-guy-wilkinson
B6 Oxford physics course Updated 2025-07-16
users.ox.ac.uk/~corp0014/B6-lectures.html gives a syllabus:
Problem set dated 2015: users.ox.ac.uk/~corp0014/B6-materials/B6_Problems.pdf Marked by: A. Ardavan and T. Hesjedal. Some more stuff under: users.ox.ac.uk/~corp0014/B6-materials/
The book is the fully commercial The Oxford Solid State Basics.

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