Bicycle tire sizes Updated 2025-07-16
Yes, Sheldon he has separate American and British English versions of pages!!!
For example, Kross bicycle (2017) had a Schwalbe tyre with markings:
42-622 (28 x 1.60, 700x40C)
When inflated, the tires were about 3.5cm wide as measured with a ruler.
And the Mavic A319 rim had markings:
622x19C
In this:
Chain rule Updated 2025-07-16
Here's an example of the chain rule. Suppose we want to calculate:
So we have:
and so:
Therefore the final result is:
Gradient Updated 2025-07-16
Takes a scalar field as input and produces a vector field.
Mnemonic: the gradient shows the direction in which the function increases fastest.
Think of a color gradient going from white to black from left to right.
Therefore, it has to:
  • take a scalar field as input. Otherwise, how do you decide which vector is larger than the other?
  • output a vector field that contains the direction in which the scalar increases fastest locally at each point. This has to give out vectors, since we are talking about directions
Graphene Updated 2025-07-16
A single layer of graphite.
Green fluorescent protein Updated 2025-07-16
The 3D structure of GFP is so cool. It is so clearly a bottle with a fluorescent bit well isolated right in the middle. Like a little lamp.
grep Updated 2025-07-16
If you are a programmer, grep becomes a verb: "to grep" means "to search text files", much like "to Google" means "to search random stuff online".
Grinding for software interviews Updated 2025-07-16
If your kids are about to starve, fine, do it.
But otherwise, Ciro Santilli will not, ever, spend his time drilling programmer competition problems to join a company, life is too short for that.
Life is too short for that. Companies must either notice that you can make amazing open source software projects or contributions, and hire you for that, or they must fuck off.
Companies must either notice that you can make amazing projects or contributions, and hire you for that, or they must fuck off.
Group extension problem Updated 2025-07-16
Besides the understandable Wikipedia definition, Video "Simple Groups - Abstract Algebra by Socratica (2018)" gives an understandable one:
Given a finite group and a simple group , find all groups such that is a normal subgroup of and .
In particular, this is hard because you can't just take the direct product of groups to retrieve the original group: Section "Relationship between the quotient group and direct products".
Group homomorphism Updated 2025-07-16
Like isomorphism, but does not have to be one-to-one: multiple different inputs can have the same output.
The image is as for any function smaller or equal in size as the domain of course.
This brings us to the key intuition about group homomorphisms: they are a way to split out a larger group into smaller groups that retains a subset of the original structure.
As shown by the fundamental theorem on homomorphisms, each group homomorphism is fully characterized by a normal subgroup of the domain.
Bilinear map Updated 2025-07-16
Linear map of two variables.
More formally, given 3 vector spaces X, Y, Z over a single field, a bilinear map is a function from:
that is linear on the first two arguments from X and Y, i.e.:
Note that the definition only makes sense if all three vector spaces are over the same field, because linearity can mix up each of them.
The most important example by far is the dot product from , which is more specifically also a symmetric bilinear form.
Gülen movement Updated 2025-07-16
Ciro Santilli once was at student a hackthon, where he proposed working on OurBigBook.com to others.
The only person who showed interest was a follower of the sect.
It seems that they put a lot of emphasis in education.
Also, their self-name is Hizmet, which translates as "service".
That day, Mr. Fethullah Gülen gained some Cirocoins.
Bill Gates Updated 2025-07-16
The enemy?
It does not matter how many trillions you donate to charity, Bill. If you want to prove your point, make MS Word free and open source and port it to Linux. And then Window implements POSIX-compatible APIs and then deprecate non-POSIX APIs.
Video 1.
Bill Gates Jumps Over Chair
. Source.
Bill Haydon Updated 2025-07-16
Figure 1.
Bill Haydon played by Ian Richardson in the 1979 Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (TV series)
Figure 2.
Bill Haydon played by Colin Firth in the 2011 Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (film)
Gurdwara Updated 2025-07-16
Theses places give out free food all the time.
The first time Ciro Santilli went to one was when an Indian friend of his took him to the one in the North of Paris when they were living there in the first half of the 2010's, the Gurdwara Singh Sabha France.
Instead of just talking, those people really go out, and put food on the plate for anyone who needs it (or even for those that don't really need it! Although who would be so souless to eat for free and not donate a few bucks if they can afford to???). There's a beauty to that.
Writing this also remembered Ciro of non-religious groups that would give out free food to the poor at
Ciro Santilli is actively looking for donations and contracts so he can continue to work full time on OurBigBook.com sustainably, and develop free hardcore university-level STEM education for all ages!
For 400k USD I will quit my job or not get a new job and work on OurBigBook full time for a second year to try and kickstart The Higher Education Revolution. Status: ~44k / 300k USD. At 4M USD I retire and work on open STEM forever. More realistically perhaps would something like 800k USD for four years like the MacArthur fellowship wink.
I first quit my job 1st June 2024 to work on the project for 1 year after I reached my initial 100k goal mostly via a 1000 Monero donation. In this first year I improved project tech, but didn't go and solve university courses to create super targeted content, and didn't obtain a single contributing user except myself, see a summary at Section "OurBigBook Project Update March 2025". My last day job total compensation as of 2024 was about 150k USD/year.
For a followup, it would be an interesting experiment to spend on year full time solving as many courses as I can from a world class university in the city where I live in the UK, and adding that as content to the platform to see if that would attract interest, and reaching out directly to course takers at their university environment to try and help them. I intended to do that in year one but my got distracted by tech. It is quite possible that no one has ever done that before in history: a highly motivated technical person with the time and opportunity to do one single thing: help top university students learn their STEM courses better and have more fun doing so. I have in particular identified one course where this would be particularly feasible: the mathematics course, given that much of their course materials, and also their building are quite open. I do sometimes wonder if doing this would be just a waste of my life. But part of me tells me it could generate big interest and is worth a try. It would also be fun for you to watch me continue to commit career seppuku.
For a second follow up year, I increased my requirement to 400k USD to give me more peace of mind. So the total donation so far is 344k, and if I reach a total of 400k USD, then I'll work on the project for a second year.
At 4M USD I retire and work on open STEM projects forever. At these timelines, I can't guarantee it will be specifically on education technology specifically all the way, but I guarantee that whatever it is it will be open and extremely well explained as usual.
It's necessary to be slightly underemployed if you are to do something significant - James Watson
Total donations to date ~244k USD. Donation breakdown:
More details: Section "Accounting method"
How to give:
And if you have a different preferred payment mechanism not listed above, please contact Ciro, and he will set it up.
Ciro's current ambitions require him to remain in developed countries, because Ciro wants to document advanced science and technology by liaising with top universities, and there is not nearly as much high technology in poor countries. Remaining in developed countries is also a required due to family reasons.
Note to potential anonymous crypto donors: I live in the UK, and after some messy back and forth that included freezing my account at one point, Barclays finally decided that they do not allow me to receive anonymous donations. And I'm pretty sure that the same would happen on any other British bank sooner or later. Therefore, while I continue to accept anonymous donations, they will not count towards my "if I get X I do Y"-type donation goals, since I can't reliably spend that money. If you want to donate in crypto, and clearly give me your real identity and an explanation of how you got the money, then that is fine, it can count. Just be warned that I will need to give that information to my bank and clear it with them beforehand, and if they are still not happy with it, I'll just give it all back. Your identity does not have to be publicly disclosed, only the dates and amounts. But my bank has to know.
If you would like public acknowledgement for your support, Ciro will very gladly give it, just let Ciro know how you'd prefer it. Due to Ciro Santilli's campaign for freedom of speech in China, many supporters have chosen to be anonymous, and that is totally fine, not everyone is interested in politics, or has a situation where going public is acceptable, so we don't have a standard setup yet, let's build it together. A acknowledgement section at the bottom of this page would be a minimum, but I for larger donations we could add a your advertisement in a locations such as:
Video 1.
The problem with education by Ciro Santilli
. Source. In this video Ciro Santilli exposes his fundamental philosophy regarding why Education is broken. This philosophy was the key motivation behind the failed OurBigBook Project.
Video 2.
Intro to the OurBigBook Project
. Source.
Figure 1.
Ciro Santilli playing with a pipette at the University of Cambridge circa 2017
. Although totally disqualified for it, Ciro would really like to understand and explain cool scientific experiments in insane detail much as he does with computer software, related:Maybe if he ever gets enough credibility, such opportunities would actually materialize. It could be a bit like Periodic Videos, but for molecular biology and physics, and backed by OurBigBook text/tree with minimal openly licensed videos. The fact that such opportunities are essentially impossible outside of the boredom of the university system is something we should really change about education.

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