Margin Call (2011) by Ciro Santilli 37 Updated 2025-07-16
Video 1.
Peter Sullivan discovers the issue scene from Margin Call
. Source.
Video 2.
Senior partners emergency meeting scene from Margin Call
. Source. God, Jeremy Irons is destroying it!!! And all others too.
Video 3.
Fire Sale of Mortgage Bonds scene from Margin Call
. Source.
Video 4.
Investment Analyst Explains Margin Call by The Plain Bagel
. Source.
There are two such entries, one pointing to .data and the other to .text (section indexes 1 and 2).
Num:    Value          Size Type    Bind   Vis      Ndx Name
  2: 0000000000000000     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT    1
  3: 0000000000000000     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT    2
TODO what is their purpose?
The default run variant, if you don't pass any options, just has the minimal growth conditions set. What this means can be seen at condition.
Notably, this implies a growth medium that includes glucose and salt. It also includes oxygen, which is not strictly required, but greatly benefits cell growth, and is of course easier to have than not have as it is part of the atmosphere!
But the medium does not include amino acids, which the bacteria will have to produce by itself.
UniProt for example describes YaaX as "Uncharacterized protein YaaX".
As function is discovered, they then change it to a better name, e.g. to names such as the E. Coli K-12 MG1655 transcription unit thrLABC proteins all of which have a clear name due to threonine.
There are many other y??? as of 2021! Though they do tend to be smaller molecules.
The principal quantum number thing fully determining energy is only true for the hydrogen emission spectrum for which we can solve the Schrödinger equation explicitly.
For other atoms with more than one electron, the orbital names are just a very good approximation/perturbation, as we don't have an explicit solution. And the internal electrons do change energy levels.
Note however that due to the more complex effect of the Lamb shift from QED, there is actually a very small 2p/2s shift even in hydrogen.
This was one of the first two great successes of quantum electrodynamics, the other one being the Lamb shift.
In youtu.be/UKbp85zpdcY?t=52 from freeman Dyson Web of Stories interview (1998) Dyson mentions that the original key experiment was from Kusch and Foley from Columbia University, and that in 1948, Julian Schwinger reached the correct value from his calculations.
Bibliography:
Video 1.
Yang-Mills 1 by David Metzler (2011)
Source.
A bit disappointing, too high level, with very few nuggests that are not Googleable withing 5 minutes.
Breakdown:
Video 2. Source. 2 hour talk at the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics. Too mathematical, 2021 Ciro can't make much out of it.
Video 3.
Lorenzo Sadun on the "Yang-Mills and Mass Gap" Millennium problem
. Source. Unknown year. He almost gets there, he's good. Just needed to be a little bit deeper.
In v4.2, look under arch/x86/:
  • include/asm/pgtable*
  • include/asm/page*
  • mm/pgtable*
  • mm/page*
There seems to be no structs defined to represent the pages, only macros: include/asm/page_types.h is specially interesting. Excerpt:
#define _PAGE_BIT_PRESENT   0   /* is present */
#define _PAGE_BIT_RW        1   /* writeable */
#define _PAGE_BIT_USER      2   /* userspace addressable */
#define _PAGE_BIT_PWT       3   /* page write through */
arch/x86/include/uapi/asm/processor-flags.h defines CR0, and in particular the PG bit position:
#define X86_CR0_PG_BIT      31 /* Paging */
What if Process 1 tries to access 0x00003000, which is not present?
The hardware notifies the software via a Page Fault Exception.
When an exception happens, the CPU jumps to an address that the OS had previously registered as the fault handler. This is usually done at boot time by the OS.
This could happen for example due to a programming error:
int *is = malloc(1);
is[2] = 1;
but there are cases where it is not a bug, for example in Linux when:
  • the program wants to increase its stack.
    It just tries to accesses a certain byte in a given possible range, and if the OS is happy it adds that page to the process address space, otherwise, it sends a signal to the process.
  • the page was swapped to disk.
    The OS will need to do some work behind the processes back to get the page back into RAM.
    The OS can discover that this is the case based on the contents of the rest of the page table entry, since if the present flag is clear, the other entries of the page table entry are completely left for the OS to to what it wants.
    On Linux for example, when present = 0:
    • if all the fields of the page table entry are 0, invalid address.
    • else, the page has been swapped to disk, and the actual values of those fields encode the position of the page on the disk.
In any case, the OS needs to know which address generated the Page Fault to be able to deal with the problem. This is why the nice IA32 developers set the value of cr2 to that address whenever a Page Fault occurs. The exception handler can then just look into cr2 to get the address.

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