Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a branch of thermodynamics that deals with systems that are not in thermodynamic equilibrium. While classical thermodynamics primarily focuses on systems at equilibrium where macroscopic properties are well-defined and stable, many real-world processes occur far from equilibrium, involving gradients in temperature, pressure, concentration, or other thermodynamic variables.
Transport phenomena is a field of study that deals with the transfer of mass, momentum, and energy in physical systems. It encompasses the mechanisms and processes that govern how substances move and interact under various conditions. The main areas of transport phenomena include: 1. **Mass Transfer**: This involves the movement of chemical species, such as in diffusion and convection processes.
Convection is a mode of heat transfer that occurs in fluids (liquids and gases) and is characterized by the movement of molecules within the fluid. In convection, warmer areas of a fluid become less dense and rise, while cooler areas become denser and sink. This movement creates a continuous circulation pattern that helps redistribute heat throughout the fluid.
Radiation is the emission and transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or a material medium. It can occur in various forms, and it is generally categorized into two main types: 1. **Ionizing Radiation**: This type of radiation has enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, creating ions. It includes: - **Alpha Particles**: Helium nuclei emitted from radioactive materials.
Advection is the transport of a substance or property by the bulk motion of a fluid. It primarily refers to the transfer of heat, moisture, or pollutants within a moving fluid, such as air or water. In meteorology, for example, advection plays a significant role in weather patterns as warm, moist air can be advected into a region, potentially leading to changes in temperature and humidity.
An antiporter is a type of membrane transport protein that facilitates the movement of two different ions or molecules across a cell membrane in opposite directions. This process is crucial for various physiological functions, including maintaining ion balance, regulating pH, and transporting nutrients or waste products. In an antiporter, one molecule is typically transported into the cell while another is transported out. This exchange often occurs simultaneously and relies on the concentration gradient of one or both substances.
Chemotaxis is the movement of an organism or a cell in response to a chemical gradient. This biological phenomenon typically involves the movement towards higher concentrations of beneficial substances (such as nutrients) or away from harmful substances (such as toxins). Chemotaxis is observed in various organisms, including bacteria, single-celled organisms, and multicellular organisms, and is crucial for processes such as immune response, wound healing, and the navigation of cells to specific sites in tissues.
The Chilton and Colburn J-factor analogy is a dimensionless correlation used in heat and mass transfer calculations, particularly in the context of convective heat transfer and mass transfer. It provides a way to relate the two processes, allowing engineers and scientists to estimate mass transfer rates based on heat transfer data, and vice versa.
Constrictivity generally refers to the quality or condition of being constrictive. In various contexts, it can describe mechanisms, processes, or physiological states that involve narrowing or reducing the dimensions of a particular space or passageway. In the context of physiology, for example, constrictivity might refer to the ability of blood vessels or airways to constrict, affecting blood flow and airflow.
The convection-diffusion equation is a partial differential equation that describes the transport of a quantity, such as heat, mass, or concentration, in a medium under the influence of two processes: convection and diffusion.
A cotransporter is a type of membrane protein that facilitates the simultaneous transport of two or more molecules across a cell membrane. The transport can occur in the same direction (symport) or in opposite directions (antiport). Cotransporters utilize the electrochemical gradient of one of the molecules, typically ions, to drive the transport of another molecule, which can be an ion or a different substance such as glucose or various amino acids.
Darcy's Law is a fundamental equation that describes the flow of a fluid through a porous medium. It is named after the French engineer Henry Darcy, who formulated it in the 19th century based on his experiments with fluid flow in soils.
Diffusion is a physical process that describes the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. This movement occurs due to the random thermal motion of particles and continues until equilibrium is reached, meaning that the concentration of particles is uniform throughout a given space. Diffusion can occur in various states of matter, including gases, liquids, and solids.
Dispersive mass transfer refers to the process by which mass is transported within a medium due to the combined effects of diffusion and advection. This concept is commonly applied in fields such as chemical engineering, environmental science, and materials science, particularly in the context of transport phenomena. ### Key Components of Dispersive Mass Transfer: 1. **Diffusion**: This is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, driven by a concentration gradient.
Ekman transport is a concept in oceanography that refers to the net movement of water induced by wind stress over the surface of the ocean. When wind blows across the surface of the sea, it creates friction between the air and the water, causing the surface water to move in the direction of the wind. However, due to the Coriolis effect—resulting from the Earth's rotation—the surface water is deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.
Electromigration is a physical phenomenon that occurs in conductive materials, particularly in metals used in microelectronic devices. It refers to the transport of metal atoms within a conductor due to the movement of electrical current. When a high current density passes through a metal interconnect (such as copper or aluminum), it can cause metal ions to migrate from areas of high density to areas of low density, leading to voids (or gaps) in the material.
Fouling refers to the accumulation of unwanted materials on solid surfaces, often in environments where such surfaces are in contact with fluids. This phenomenon can occur in various contexts, including: 1. **Marine Fouling**: In marine environments, fouling often refers to the growth of organisms like barnacles, algae, and mollusks on ships, docks, and other submerged structures. This type of fouling can lead to increased drag on vessels, reduced performance, and higher fuel consumption.
Fractional anisotropy (FA) is a quantitative measure used in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), a type of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that evaluates the diffusion of water molecules in biological tissues. FA quantifies the degree of directionality of water diffusion in a medium, which can provide insights into the integrity of white matter tracts in the brain. In more detail: - **Diffusion**: Water molecules in biological tissues tend to move in various directions.
The groundwater flow equation is a fundamental equation used in hydrogeology to describe the movement of groundwater through the subsurface. The most commonly used form of the equation is derived from Darcy's Law and the principle of conservation of mass.
The Hatta number, often denoted as \( Ha \), is a dimensionless number used in chemical engineering and fluid dynamics to characterize the relative importance of advection and diffusion processes in transport phenomena, particularly in the context of mass transfer. It is defined as the ratio of the characteristic timescale for advection to the characteristic timescale for diffusion.
Heat transfer is a physical process whereby thermal energy moves from one substance or object to another due to a temperature difference between them. This transfer can occur through three primary mechanisms: 1. **Conduction**: This is the transfer of heat through a material without any movement of the material itself. It occurs when two objects at different temperatures come into contact with each other. The heat moves from the hot region to the cold region through molecular collisions.
Heat transfer through fins refers to the process by which excess heat is dissipated from a surface to the surrounding environment through extended surfaces known as fins. Fins are typically used in applications where heat needs to be removed efficiently from a solid object, such as in heat exchangers, electronic components, radiators, and engines. ### Key Concepts: 1. **Purpose of Fins**: Fins increase the surface area available for heat transfer.
The Hybrid Difference Scheme is a numerical method used for solving partial differential equations (PDEs) and can be especially useful in computational fluid dynamics and other fields where numerical simulations play a critical role. The term "hybrid" in this context typically refers to a scheme that combines multiple numerical approaches or techniques to leverage their strengths while mitigating their weaknesses.
Hydroxyl tagging velocimetry (HTV) is an advanced experimental technique used to measure fluid velocity fields in various fluid dynamics applications. It combines laser-induced fluorescence and tagging methods to visualize and quantify the flow of fluids, particularly in turbulent or complex flows. ### Key Components of Hydroxyl Tagging Velocimetry: 1. **Hydroxyl Tagging**: The method typically involves tagging specific molecules in the fluid with hydroxyl radicals (OH).
Laminar-turbulent transition refers to the process by which the flow of a fluid changes from a smooth, orderly state (laminar flow) to a chaotic, irregular state (turbulent flow). This transition is a key phenomenon in fluid dynamics and has significant implications in various fields, including aerodynamics, engineering, meteorology, and environmental science. ### Key Concepts: - **Laminar Flow**: In laminar flow, fluid particles move in parallel layers with minimal mixing between them.
Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) is a non-intrusive optical technique used to measure the velocity of fluid flows. It leverages the Doppler effect, which refers to the change in frequency (or wavelength) of light due to the motion of reflective particles within the fluid. ### Key Principles and Components: 1. **Laser Source**: A coherent light source, typically a laser, produces a focused beam of light.
Mass balance, also known as material balance, is a fundamental principle in engineering and environmental science that involves accounting for the mass of materials as they enter and leave a system. It is based on the law of conservation of mass, which states that mass cannot be created or destroyed in a closed system.
Mass diffusivity, often represented by the symbol \( D \), is a measure of how quickly and effectively particles (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) move from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration within a medium. It is a fundamental property in the study of diffusion processes and is essential in various fields such as chemistry, physics, biology, and engineering. The diffusivity is typically expressed in units of area per unit time (e.g., \( m^2/s \)).
Mass transfer is a fundamental concept in various scientific and engineering disciplines, particularly in chemistry, chemical engineering, environmental engineering, and process engineering. It refers to the movement of mass from one location to another, usually as a result of differences in concentration, pressure, or temperature. Mass transfer can occur in different phases, including: 1. **Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer**: The transfer of mass between gas and liquid phases, such as in the absorption of carbon dioxide in water.
The mass transfer coefficient is a crucial parameter in the field of chemical engineering and transport processes, particularly in the study of mass transfer operations. It quantifies the rate at which a substance (such as a gas, liquid, or solute) moves from one phase to another (for example, from a gas phase to a liquid phase) under specified conditions.
Mediated transport, also known as facilitated transport, refers to the process by which substances move across a biological membrane with the assistance of specific proteins. This process is different from simple diffusion, where molecules pass through the membrane unaided, and it is essential for transporting substances that cannot cross the lipid bilayer of cell membranes easily due to size, charge, or polarity.
Molecular diffusion is the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration due to their random thermal motion. This movement occurs in gases, liquids, and even solids, but it is most commonly observed in gases and liquids. The driving force behind diffusion is the concentration gradient, where molecules naturally spread out in an attempt to reach a state of equilibrium.
Molecular Tagging Velocimetry (MTV) is an advanced optical measurement technique used to visualize and quantify fluid flow and velocities in various scientific and engineering applications. This method is particularly useful in fluid dynamics research and is often employed in experiments involving turbulent flows, sprays, and other complex fluid behaviors. ### Key Features of Molecular Tagging Velocimetry: 1. **Fluorescent Tagging**: In MTV, specific molecules (tags) are introduced into the fluid.
Multiphase heat transfer refers to the process of heat exchange occurring between different phases of matter, typically involving solid, liquid, and gas phases. This phenomenon is critical in various engineering applications, including power generation, chemical processing, refrigeration, and environmental systems. There are several key aspects of multiphase heat transfer: 1. **Phases Involved**: Commonly considered phases include: - Gas (e.g., steam or air) - Liquid (e.g.
Neoclassical transport refers to a theoretical framework used to describe the transport of particles, energy, and momentum in magnetically confined plasmas, particularly in the context of fusion research. It is an important aspect of understanding how plasmas behave in devices like tokamaks and stellarators. In the context of plasma physics, neoclassical transport considers the influence of magnetic fields and the collisional interactions of particles within the plasma.
Nucleate boiling is a specific type of phase change process that occurs when a liquid transforms into vapor at discrete points, usually at surfaces or impurities within the liquid, rather than uniformly throughout the bulk of the liquid. This phenomenon typically occurs when a liquid is heated to a temperature above its boiling point.
The convection-diffusion equation is a partial differential equation that describes the transport of a substance undergoing both convection (bulk movement) and diffusion (spreading due to concentration gradients).
Passive transport is a movement of ions and molecules across cell membranes without the need for energy input. This process relies on the natural concentration gradient, meaning substances move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration until equilibrium is achieved. There are several key types of passive transport: 1. **Diffusion**: The movement of small, nonpolar molecules (like oxygen and carbon dioxide) directly through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane.
The porous medium equation (PME) is a nonlinear partial differential equation that describes the flow of a fluid through a porous medium, where the medium's permeability and the fluid's properties can lead to complex behaviors. It is commonly used in various fields such as hydrology, geology, and materials science to model processes like groundwater flow, diffusion of gases in soils, and heat conduction in porous materials.
Water has several unique properties that make it essential for life and play crucial roles in various biological, chemical, and physical processes. Here are some key properties of water: 1. **Polarity**: Water is a polar molecule, meaning it has a partial positive charge on one side (hydrogen atoms) and a partial negative charge on the other side (oxygen atom). This polarity allows water to form hydrogen bonds with other molecules.
Reactive transport modeling in porous media is a multidisciplinary approach used to simulate the movement of fluids and solutes through porous materials, while accounting for the chemical reactions that occur within those materials. This type of modeling is essential for understanding processes in various natural and engineered systems, such as groundwater flow, contaminant transport, soil science, chemical engineering, and environmental remediation. ### Key Components of Reactive Transport Modeling: 1. **Porous Media**: Refers to the material through which fluids are moving.
Relativistic heat conduction refers to the study of heat transfer processes within the framework of relativity, specifically special relativity. In classical thermodynamics and heat conduction, the assumptions made generally rely on non-relativistic speeds and classical physics principles. However, when considering systems that may involve significant fractions of the speed of light or strong gravitational fields, these classical assumptions break down.
Reynolds analogy is a concept in fluid mechanics that relates the heat transfer and momentum transfer processes in turbulent flow. Specifically, it establishes a proportional relationship between the heat transfer coefficient and the frictional resistance in a fluid flow, particularly in situations where both heat and momentum are being transferred simultaneously. The analogy is based on the observation that in turbulent flows, the mechanisms that transport momentum and heat are similar in nature.
Sediment transport refers to the movement of solid particles (sediment) due to forces exerted by fluid flow, which can be water (in rivers, lakes, and oceans) or air (in deserts and other arid environments). This process plays a crucial role in shaping landscapes, forming sedimentary rocks, and influencing ecosystems.
The sieving coefficient, often used in the context of kidney function and renal physiology, refers to a measure that indicates how selectively a substance can be filtered through the kidney's glomerulus. It quantitatively assesses the permeability of the glomerular membrane to various solutes, helping to determine how well certain substances can pass from the blood into the urine.
Stefan flow refers to a type of fluid flow that occurs under the influence of a temperature gradient, particularly in non-Newtonian fluids or when phase changes are involved, such as melting or solidification. The term is often associated with the Stefan problem, which was formulated to describe the heat transfer associated with phase changes, such as the melting of ice or the solidification of metals. In the context of the Stefan problem, the Stefan flow describes how the interface between two phases (e.g.
Thermal conduction is the process by which heat energy is transferred through materials without any flow of the material itself. This transfer occurs due to temperature differences within a substance or between different substances in thermal contact. When a region of a material is heated, the particles in that region gain energy and vibrate more vigorously. These excited particles collide with neighboring particles, transferring some of their energy to them, which raises their temperature. This process continues, allowing heat to move from the hotter area to the cooler area.
Therminol refers to a family of heat transfer fluids developed by the company Solvay. These fluids are designed to be used in a variety of applications, particularly in high-temperature heat transfer systems, such as those found in chemical processing, power generation, and concentrated solar power systems. Therminol fluids are typically made from synthetic organic compounds, which allow them to operate efficiently at high temperatures without breaking down.
"Transport Phenomena" is a well-known textbook written by R. W. McCabe, J. C. Smith, and Peter Harriott, first published in 1960. This book is widely used in chemical engineering and related fields to explain the fundamental principles of transport phenomena, which include the mechanisms of momentum, heat, and mass transfer.
Turbulence refers to the chaotic, irregular motion of fluid (gases or liquids) that is characterized by vortices, eddies, and rapid changes in pressure and velocity. It contrasts with laminar flow, where fluid moves in smooth, orderly layers. In different contexts, turbulence can be described as follows: 1. **Physics and Fluid Dynamics**: In fluid mechanics, turbulence is seen when the Reynolds number—a dimensionless quantity that predicts flow patterns in different fluid flow situations—is high.
A uniporter is a type of membrane transport protein that facilitates the transport of a specific molecule across a biological membrane in one direction. Unlike symporters and antiporters, which move multiple substances simultaneously in opposite or the same directions, uniporters allow only one type of substrate to pass through the membrane at a time. This process typically occurs down the substrate's concentration gradient, making it a form of facilitated diffusion.
The vorticity equation is a fundamental equation in fluid dynamics that describes the evolution of vorticity in a fluid flow. Vorticity, which is a vector field, represents the tendency of fluid elements to rotate and is mathematically defined as the curl of the velocity field. In incompressible and inviscid flow (i.e.
The Weisz–Prater criterion is a dimensionless number used in the field of chemical engineering and catalysis to assess the effectiveness of diffusion processes in heterogeneous catalytic reactions. It is particularly important when analyzing catalytic reactions occurring on solid catalysts, as it helps determine whether the reaction is limited by the intraparticle diffusion of reactants into the catalyst or if it is primarily driven by the reaction kinetics on the surface.
The "arrow of time" is a term used to describe the one-way direction or asymmetry of time. This concept reflects the idea that time seems to flow in a specific direction from the past, through the present, and into the future, and is often associated with various phenomena across different fields, including physics, cosmology, and philosophy.
Autopoiesis is a concept originally developed by Chilean biologists Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela in the early 1970s. The term describes the self-producing, self-maintaining, and self-organizing characteristics of living systems. Specifically, an autopoietic system is one that is capable of maintaining its own organization and structure through its internal processes.
The Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction is a classic example of a non-equilibrium chemical reaction that demonstrates oscillating chemical behavior. It was first observed by the Russian chemist Boris Belousov in the 1950s and later studied in more detail by Anatol Zhabotinsky. This reaction is notable for its striking and colorful oscillations in concentration of reactants and products, which can be visually observed in laboratory settings.
The Briggs–Rauscher reaction is a fascinating oscillating chemical reaction that demonstrates complex behavior in non-equilibrium thermodynamic systems. It is often used as an example of chemical oscillations in educational settings due to its dramatic color changes and cyclical nature. ### Reaction Components: The Briggs–Rauscher reaction typically involves three main components: 1. **Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)** - serves as an oxidizing agent.
A chemical clock is a type of chemical reaction that produces a periodic change in concentration of reactants and/or products, often resulting in observable color changes or other effects over time. These reactions can be used to demonstrate principles of reaction kinetics, oscillating reactions, and the concept of dynamic equilibrium in a chemical system.
A chemical oscillator is a system in which the concentrations of reactants and products undergo periodic changes over time, leading to oscillatory behavior in chemical reactions. These oscillations can be observed in a variety of reactant combinations and conditions, often involving non-linear reaction kinetics that lead to complex dynamics.
The Crooks fluctuation theorem is a fundamental result in statistical mechanics and nonequilibrium thermodynamics that relates the probability distributions of work done on a system during forward and reverse processes. It was formulated by physicist Gavin E. Crooks in the context of systems driven out of equilibrium.
A **dissipative system** is a system in which energy is not conserved due to the presence of non-conservative forces like friction, viscosity, or other forms of resistance. In these systems, energy is lost, often converted into heat or other forms of energy that are not useful for doing work. This leads to a decrease in the total mechanical energy of the system over time.
Electrokinetic phenomena refer to the behaviors and effects observed in colloidal systems, suspensions, or other fluids when an electric field is applied. These phenomena arise from the interaction between electric fields and charged particles or surfaces in a medium. Several key types of electrokinetic phenomena include: 1. **Electrophoresis**: The movement of charged particles through a fluid under the influence of an electric field.
Exergy efficiency is a measure of how effectively a system utilizes available energy to perform useful work. It compares the actual output (useful work) of a thermodynamic system to the maximum possible output (work) that could theoretically be achieved if the system were operating at its most efficient point, often referred to as the ideal or reversible state. Exergy itself represents the maximum useful work obtainable from a system as it comes into equilibrium with its environment.
Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics (EIT) is a theoretical framework that extends classical irreversible thermodynamics to better describe systems far from thermodynamic equilibrium. Traditional irreversible thermodynamics, as developed by figures like Lars Onsager and Ilya Prigogine, typically operates under the assumption that systems are near equilibrium. In these cases, transport processes (such as heat conduction and diffusion) are linear and can be described effectively by linear differential equations.
Extremal principles in non-equilibrium thermodynamics refer to certain fundamental postulates or criteria that dictate the behavior of physical systems away from equilibrium. These principles are extensions or analogs to more commonly known extremal principles in equilibrium thermodynamics, like the minimization of free energy. In non-equilibrium thermodynamics, the principles often relate to the maximization or minimization of certain quantities, such as entropy production, dissipation, or certain functionals related to thermodynamic potentials.
The Fluctuation Theorem is a significant result in statistical mechanics and nonequilibrium thermodynamics that describes the likelihood of observing certain fluctuations in the thermodynamic properties of systems far from equilibrium. It provides a mathematical framework for understanding how thermodynamic quantities, such as entropy, deviate from their average values during fluctuations in small systems.
The term "GENERIC" refers to a formalism used primarily in the context of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. It stands for "Generalized Equation for Non-Equilibrium Reversible-Irreversible Coupling." This framework provides a systematic way to describe systems that are far from equilibrium, allowing for the modeling of complex processes involving both reversible and irreversible dynamics.
The H-theorem, formulated by the physicist Ludwig Boltzmann in the context of statistical mechanics, provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the approach to thermodynamic equilibrium in a gas. The theorem states that, under certain conditions, the entropy of an isolated system will tend to increase over time, leading to a state of equilibrium.
Loschmidt's paradox is a thought experiment associated with the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the total entropy of an isolated system can only increase over time. The paradox is named after the Austrian physicist Johann Georg Loschmidt, who raised a significant question regarding the nature of molecular motion and the irreversibility of thermodynamic processes. The core of Loschmidt's paradox lies in the behavior of microscopic particles governed by classical mechanics.
Noise-induced order is a phenomenon observed in certain systems, particularly in the context of statistical mechanics and complex systems, where the presence of noise (random fluctuations) can lead to the emergence of ordered states or structures that would not be present in the absence of noise. While noise is generally thought to disrupt order and coherence, under specific conditions, it can actually promote the formation of organized patterns or collective behaviors. This counterintuitive effect can be explained in several ways, depending on the context.
Néel relaxation theory, named after physicist Louis Néel, describes the mechanisms by which magnetic nanoparticles return to equilibrium after being subjected to an external magnetic field. It primarily focuses on superparamagnetic materials, which are small enough that thermal fluctuations can overcome their magnetic anisotropy. In superparamagnetic materials, the magnetic moments can randomly align in response to thermal energy.
Onsager reciprocal relations are fundamental principles in nonequilibrium thermodynamics that describe the behavior of systems close to thermal and chemical equilibrium. These relations, formulated by the physicist Lars Onsager in the 1930s, express a profound symmetry in the response of a system to perturbations.
The Oregonator is a mathematical model that describes oscillatory chemical reactions, specifically in the context of the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction. It is a simplified version of a more complex reaction mechanism and was developed to study the dynamics of nonlinear chemical systems. Named after the state of Oregon, where the model was formulated in the 1970s by chemist Robert W. F.
Quantum thermodynamics is a field of study that blends the principles of quantum mechanics with thermodynamics. It aims to understand and describe the thermodynamic properties and behaviors of systems at the quantum scale, where classical thermodynamic laws may not apply as expected. Here are some key aspects of quantum thermodynamics: 1. **Quantum States and Processes**: In contrast to classical thermodynamics, which typically deals with macroscopic systems and bulk properties, quantum thermodynamics focuses on the behavior of individual quantum systems.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics is a fundamental principle that governs the behavior of energy and entropy in physical systems. It can be stated in several ways, but one of the most common formulations is that in any energy transfer or transformation, the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time. Instead, it will either increase or remain constant in reversible processes.
Sedimentation potential, often referred to as sedimentation potential or electrokinetic potential, is a phenomenon observed in colloidal dispersions, where the particles in a suspension can migrate in a liquid medium due to an applied electric field. This migration can be influenced by factors such as particle size, shape, charge, and the properties of the surrounding fluid.
Thermal transpiration, also known as thermal creep, is a phenomenon related to the motion of gas molecules in a system where there is a temperature gradient. It occurs when gas molecules in a confined space or small tube move from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature. This movement is influenced by the kinetic energy of the gas molecules, which is greater in the hotter region.
Articles by others on the same topic
There are currently no matching articles.