A younger instruction needs a value produced by an older instruction before the ordinary writeback/read path would deliver it. Register forwarding or a pipeline stall can enforce the true dependence.

A d-ary heap in which each parent key is no greater than each child key. Transitivity makes the root a minimum. Removing the root requires choosing a smallest child at each downward step, taking $O(d{\log }_{d}n)$ time in the usual $2\le d\le n$ range. Decreasing a key or inserting a new leaf only compares along one chain of parents, taking $O({\log }_{d}n)$ time in that range. These priority queue bounds assume constant-time key comparisons and available array capacity. An indexed priority queue must also update its item-to-index table after every swap.

A cup applied to the skin with reduced internal pressure. Ancient bronze and horn versions are described by Celsus. ^[ref]

A critical point whose Hessian matrix is a singular matrix. The second-derivative test does not completely classify such a point. Higher-order terms can produce a local minimum, a local maximum, or a saddle point of a scalar function.

The oculomotor nerve is the third cranial nerve. It supplies most extraocular motor pathways and carries parasympathetic fibers toward the ciliary ganglion. Eye movement, eyelid elevation and pupillary regulation therefore involve distinguishable components.

The trochlear nerve is the fourth cranial nerve, supplying the superior oblique muscle of the eye. Its fibers cross before their dorsal exit from the brainstem, an unusual arrangement among cranial motor pathways.

The abducens nerve is the sixth cranial nerve, supplying the lateral rectus muscle that turns the eye outward. Its motor pathway arises in the abducens nucleus. Eye movement and sensation from the eye are carried through different pathways.

The vagus nerve is the tenth cranial nerve, carrying sensory, branchial motor and parasympathetic pathways. Its branches connect the brainstem with pharyngeal, laryngeal and many thoracic and abdominal targets. Different functions use different fiber populations, so selective branch interruption need not remove every vagal influence. The historical name pneumogastric denotes the same nerve.

The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed cranial nerve with sensory, motor and parasympathetic components. Its pathways connect the posterior tongue, pharynx, carotid sinus and parotid gland with central circuits. Different components travel through distinct branches and relays.

The accessory nerve is the eleventh cranial nerve, chiefly associated with motor supply to sternocleidomastoid muscle and trapezius. Its spinal-root course illustrates that the traditional cranial-nerve grouping does not mean every component originates within the brain.

The trigeminal nerve is a cranial nerve providing major sensory pathways from the face and motor pathways to muscles of mastication. Its three main divisions distribute different territories. Sensation and jaw movement can therefore be affected differently by a lesion.

The facial nerve is a mixed cranial nerve with motor pathways for facial expression and additional taste and parasympathetic components. Different branches carry different subsets of fibers, so a local lesion need not affect every facial-nerve function equally.

The optic nerve carries retinal ganglion cell axons from the retina toward central visual pathways. It is a central nervous-system pathway despite its traditional classification as a cranial nerve. Its fibers encode distributed retinal output rather than a literal picture traveling along a cable.

A preparation causing redness of the skin, historically used for counterirritation.

The +2 oxidation state of copper. The actual aqueous species can depend on pH, hydrolysis and ligands; a bare ionic formula is an analytical shorthand.

The +2 copper oxide. It can supply oxygen for oxidizing suitable organic material in a combustion analysis, producing carbon dioxide and water from the material's carbon and hydrogen.

Pass the remaining computation explicitly as a continuation. Returning a value means invoking that continuation; a different control destination can be selected by invoking a different continuation.

A continuation represented as an ordinary language value that can be stored and later invoked. Whether it may be invoked once or repeatedly, and whether mutable program state is restored, are separate semantic choices.

A computation that can suspend and later resume. A first-class continuation can represent its suspended control state while mutable computer memory remains shared.