Excessive bleeding after childbirth. Uterine contraction, tissue retention, trauma and coagulation abnormalities provide different mechanisms; the syndrome is defined clinically rather than by one cause.^[ref]

The state of carrying a developing embryo or fetus. Maternal adaptations support development, while gestational dating conventionally begins before fertilization rather than at an observed moment of conception.

The interval after the baby is born until delivery of the placenta and membranes. Separation, uterine contraction and placental expulsion make it a distinct stage with its own physiological events.

A trained technique for placental delivery using traction on the umbilical cord with counterpressure supporting the uterus, under appropriate third-stage conditions.

Birth of a baby by Caesarean section. The phrase describes the mode of delivery and can be used independently of the particular surgical technique or reason for the operation.

Visual examination using a speculum to expose a cavity or opening. In obstetrics and gynecology it commonly permits inspection of the vaginal walls and cervix without being identical to manual pelvic examination.

Delivery through surgical incisions in the abdominal wall and uterus. The name identifies the route of birth, while the clinical circumstances determine why that route is chosen.

A full-thickness disruption of the uterine wall during pregnancy or labor. It can connect the uterine cavity with surrounding spaces and produce hemorrhage, distinguishing it from an intact-wall positional abnormality.

In Scala, a singleton object associated with a same-named companion class in the required source context. Object members and instance members are distinct: B.g(x) invokes a member of object B, while b.g(x) invokes an instance member through b. Both can use method overloading, but the instance's members are not automatically part of the companion's overload set.^[ref]

Malnutrition is impaired nutritional status arising from insufficient, excessive or unbalanced nutrient provision or use. It can concern energy, particular nutrients or both. A person’s body mass alone does not establish whether every nutrient requirement is met.

Iodine deficiency is insufficient iodine availability for normal physiology, especially production of thyroid hormones. Increased stimulation of the thyroid can produce a goitre; enlargement and reduced hormone output are distinct outcomes. During pregnancy, inadequate iodine can impair biological development, so nutritional timing matters as well as total intake.^[ref]

Dietary fibre comprises food components, chiefly certain carbohydrates, that resist digestion by human digestive enzymes. Physical properties and microbial fermentation affect their behavior in the gut. The category therefore includes materials with different physiological effects rather than one chemically uniform substance.

The difference between total nitrogen intake and loss over a stated interval, equal to the change of nitrogen retained in the body when all routes are counted.

Represent a nonnegative integer $k$ by $1^k$, using delimiters when several quantities are encoded. The length is $k$, rather than the $O(\log (k+1))$ length of a binary numeral system representation. Despite the parent category for numerical notation, this is not a positional base-one place-value system.

Non-volatile memory programmed and erased electrically. Its program and erase granularities need not match the block size exported to a file system.

Primary physiological study using separate recordings of pulmonary ventilation in the two lungs; its Summary and Conclusions distinguishes local effects from centrally mediated changes after vagotomy.

Primary measurements in Gut, 19(7), pp. 664–668. The abstract reports persistent gastric acidity in some postoperative subjects despite reduced stimulated acid output.

Primary dissection study, Turkish Neurosurgery, 29(3), pp. 445–450; DOI 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.24942-18.1. Forty-two fresh adult cadavers were examined.

Current reference entry: Structure and Function; Vagus Nerve Branches; Muscles.