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Loss of effective cardiac blood circulation. Electrical activity can be absent, disorganized or present without an adequate pulse, so the state is defined by circulatory failure rather than one electrocardiogram pattern.[ref]
Enlargement of individual biological cells, distinct from increased cell number through hyperplasia. Historical numerical hypertrophy referred to what is now called hyperplasia.[ref]
Cellular Pathology by Rudolf Virchow (1860). Lecture III, pp. 93–95
An increase in the number of biological cells in a tissue, distinct from enlargement of existing biological cells by hypertrophy.[ref]
Cellular Pathology in Pathology: The Big Picture. Hyperplasia
Escape of blood from the vascular system. It can occur into tissues, body cavities or externally, so absence of visible external blood does not exclude substantial hemorrhage.
Systematic examination of a body after death to investigate anatomy and disease. Findings can help explain death, but postmortem changes and limitations of sampling constrain causal conclusions.
A reactive change involving glial cells after nervous-system injury. It records a tissue response rather than identifying one cause of the original damage.
Inflammation of the peritoneum. Infection and chemical irritation are different causes; an intestinal perforation can produce both leakage and a subsequent inflammatory response.
Increased pressure within the cranial compartment. Added tissue, blood or fluid can exceed compensatory capacity, connecting a confined space with impaired cerebral perfusion or tissue displacement.
Apparent enlargement in which increased fat or connective tissue can conceal loss of functioning muscle. Distinguish it from enlargement of working muscle fibres by hypertrophy.
An abnormal accumulation of pleural fluid. Different mechanisms alter fluid production or removal, while the effect on breathing depends on size, rate and underlying lung function.
The study of disease and tissue changes in the kidney. Glomerular, tubular, interstitial and vascular patterns localize different compartments that can produce overlapping changes in renal function.
A change in cellular structure or activity in response to altered conditions. Adaptation can help maintain function, while persistent stress or a changed environment can make the same response inadequate or harmful.
Escape of blood from blood vessels.
Pinned article: Introduction to the OurBigBook Project
Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
Intro to OurBigBook
. Source. We have two killer features:
- topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculusArticles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
- a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
- a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
Figure 1. Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page. View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivativeVideo 2. OurBigBook Web topics demo. Source. - local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
- to OurBigBook.com to get awesome multi-user features like topics and likes
- as HTML files to a static website, which you can host yourself for free on many external providers like GitHub Pages, and remain in full control
Figure 2. You can publish local OurBigBook lightweight markup files to either OurBigBook.com or as a static website.
Figure 3. Visual Studio Code extension installation.
Figure 5. . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally. Video 3. Edit locally and publish demo. Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension. 
- Infinitely deep tables of contents:
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact