Vasculogenesis is formation of a vascular network by differentiation and assembly of endothelial precursors. It differs from angiogenesis, which expands or remodels vessels from an existing network.

Creating endothelial biological cells does not by itself create a functional blood vessel: cells must establish connections, polarity and an open lumen. Experiments on the developing mouse aorta connected endothelial polarization and junction remodeling to lumen formation.^[ref]

The nitrogen cycle connects the movement and chemical transformation of nitrogen in the atmosphere, organisms, soils and water. Nitrogen fixation converts molecular nitrogen into reduced forms; nitrogen assimilation incorporates available nitrogen into cellular compounds; ammonification returns organic nitrogen to ammonium during breakdown.

Nitrification and denitrification connect further oxidized and reduced forms under different environmental conditions. The distinction matters because a large atmospheric reservoir does not make all of its nitrogen directly available to every plant: biological access depends on the chemical form and on transformations carried out by other organisms.^[ref]

Contemporary source by William Odling, published in London by Longmans, Green. The historical source for the language of solar force and eremacausis.

Primary account by Edward Frankland, American Journal of Science, volume 42, pp. 393–416, on combustion measurements and the quantitative problem of muscular power.

Contemporary review, passage headed “Bread”, lists reported bulk additions and baking salts. Cited as a report of period allegations, not a new verification of every substance in English bread.

Health Professional Fact Sheet, “Iodine deficiency”: goitre and neurodevelopmental consequences, distinguished from historical lime-water claims.

Tetra Pak, chapter 2: constituents, physical dispersion, casein precipitation and pH. Current dairy chemistry used to explain the historical separation question.

Tetra Pak, chapter 18: denatured whey proteins, lactose recovery and crystallization. Modern centrifugal and membrane operations are not attributed to an 1864 examination laboratory.