A mammary gland is a glandular system that produces milk and carries it through ducts toward the nipple. Secretory epithelial units make the milk, while surrounding contractile cells help expel it into the duct system. The glandular tissue is part of the breast, alongside fat and supporting connective tissue.

Milk production and milk ejection are different processes. Prolactin promotes milk production, whereas oxytocin promotes contraction associated with milk movement or let-down.^[ref] The distinction gives a useful physiological example: material can already have been synthesized yet still require a separate transport mechanism to reach its outlet. Gland size, secretion rate and release of stored secretion are therefore different observations.

The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland at the base of the brain, connected to the hypothalamus. Its anterior pituitary contains hormone-secreting glandular cells; its posterior pituitary contains the terminals of hypothalamic neurons. The two regions consequently communicate with the hypothalamus in different ways.^[ref]

For example, the anterior pituitary secretes prolactin, which promotes milk production, while the posterior pituitary releases oxytocin, which promotes milk ejection. One organ thus participates in distinct, coordinated stages of a physiological response.^[ref]

The cryosphere comprises the frozen-water components of the Earth system: snow, glaciers, ice sheets, sea ice, frozen ground and other persistent or seasonal ice. These components differ physically. Floating sea ice directly exchanges heat and salt with the ocean, whereas grounded ice can store water above sea level.

Melting consumes latent heat, while snow and ice can strongly affect the reflected fraction of incoming sunlight through albedo. Measurements therefore combine area, thickness, mass and temperature rather than using ice-covered area as a complete measure of stored ice. A change in one component need not imply an identical response in every other component.

By Jean-Pierre Serre. Annals of Mathematics, second series, 54(3), 425–505 (November 1951).

Institution-hosted original: www.college-de-france.fr/media/jean-pierre-serre/UPL7235285843586540944_Serre_The_se.pdf

Verified locator: printed page 425, Introduction; loop space, contractible total space and the relation between successive homotopy groups. Chapter II constructs the singular-homology spectral sequence.

By John Milnor.

Verified locator: Annals of Mathematics 64(2), September 1956, 399–405. Introduction, section 3 and Theorem 3, printed p.403; S^3 bundles over S^4 with exotic smooth structures. Primary scan also at homepages.math.uic.edu/~kauffman/Milnor.pdf ; theorem statement verified in indexed original scan.

By Jacob Lurie.

Verified locator: Author course landing page; Lecture 1, Introduction, dated 3 February 2009, people.math.harvard.edu/~lurie/937notes/937Lecture1.pdf . Opening manifold classification and surface genus example; later lectures compare topological, PL and smooth structures.

Verified locator: Chapter 4, section 4.1: incidence structures, typed elements, relations and distinction from incidence geometries. The article uses the point-block, two-type convention.

By J. M. Landsberg.

Verified locator: Author prepublication manuscript, front matter copyright 2016; sections 1.1, 2.1, 4.7–4.8: bilinear complexity, tensor rank and border rank.

By Michael Atiyah and Raoul Bott.

Verified locator: Annals of Mathematics 86(2), September 1967, pp.374–407; introduction, isolated fixed-point formula.

By Leonid Pestov, Gunther Uhlmann.

Primary paper: annals.math.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/annals-v161-n2-p12.pdf

Annals of Mathematics 161, 1093–1110. Introduction and Theorem 1.1: boundary distances determine a simple compact surface metric up to a boundary-fixing diffeomorphism.

By Yuhan Lim.

Verified locator: Pacific Journal of Mathematics 195(1), September 2000, pages 179–205. Introduction and Theorem 1: equations, perturbations, wall crossing and b1=0 correction term.

By Mikhail Gromov.

Verified locator: Inventiones Mathematicae 82 (1985), 307–347; section 0.3.A, Corollary, printed page 310: symplectic ball embedding obstruction.

By Jacob Lurie.

Verified locator: Abstract and introduction: proof sketch of the cobordism hypothesis and classification of extended field theories.