A family of serine proteases with a fold distinct from the chymotrypsin family. Its Asp–His–Ser sequence order contrasts with His–Asp–Ser in chymotrypsin-like enzymes despite similar local catalytic chemistry.

A highly multiplexed imaging approach extending sequential RNA hybridization through additional spatial and temporal coding. It connects repeated fluorescence measurements with transcriptome-scale identification while retaining positions in tissue.^[ref]

A sequence alignment that permits gaps corresponding to removed introns when matching processed RNA reads to a genome. Short microexons require particular care because their supporting aligned segments can be very small.

A substitution matrix assigns a score to aligning each pair of sequence symbols. Scores based on logarithms of observed-to-background pair frequencies turn products of relative support into additive alignment scores.

A gap penalty is the score cost of introducing an insertion or deletion into a sequence alignment.

A global sequence alignment optimizes the correspondence across both complete input sequences, including their ends.

A local sequence alignment finds the highest-scoring pair of subsequences, allowing unmatched flanks.

A fitting sequence alignment aligns all of a short query to a substring of a longer target, leaving target flanks unpenalized. It differs from unrestricted local sequence alignment, which may also omit part of the query.

The fraction of the chosen alignment columns containing identical nongap characters, with the denominator convention stated explicitly.

Similarity of aligned sequence positions according to a specified scoring rule. Positive substitution score, chemical similarity and identical characters are different possible criteria.

A multiple sequence alignment places three or more sequences in corresponding columns, inserting gaps where needed. The arrangement represents a hypothesis about positional correspondence and can support phylogenetics or detection of conserved motifs. A column can be reliably aligned in one region and ambiguous in another. Adding sequences can clarify shared structure but also introduce difficult divergent regions, so the alignment itself requires evaluation before downstream inference. ^[ref]

The dimensionless composition function $V(x)=(1-2x)\log [(1-x)/x]$ used in separative-work accounting.

A class of self-splicing introns with mechanistic and structural relationships to spliceosomal splicing. Some have mobile forms; this does not imply that an ordinary spliceosomal intron retains an autonomous mobile system.

Identification of one’s own body or body-related sensory information. It is narrower than reflective knowledge of one’s identity and does not alone demonstrate theory of mind.

An action-related representation of bodily configuration and capacities. Its functional use need not entail a verbal or autobiographical concept of self.

Awareness involving oneself as an object or subject of representation. Its proposed forms must be operationally distinguished; bodily self-recognition does not alone establish reflective or autobiographical awareness.

membrane permeability describes passage of a specified substance through a membrane under stated conditions. It is distinct from lateral diffusion within the membrane and from the mechanical force needed to rupture the membrane.

A seismometer compares ground motion with the motion of an inertial test mass. A mechanical seismograph records their relative displacement. Its frequency response depends on the suspension and on which relative or absolute velocity enters the damping law.