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Electron transfer through a ligand shared by two metal centres. Bridge formation, electron transfer and bridge cleavage can leave transferred-ligand connectivity in a substitution-inert product.
Electron energy loss spectroscopy measures the energy transferred from incident electrons to a specimen. A transmitted-electron spectrometer separates nearly unscattered electrons from electrons that excited collective modes, atomic transitions or core-level processes.
The zero-loss feature supplies an energy reference, and losses can be reported as . Element-specific edges and their energy-loss near-edge structure constrain composition and bonding. A thicker specimen can produce several losses in one trajectory, so the recorded electron energy loss spectroscopy response need not equal a single-interaction response. [ref]
Electron energy-loss spectroscopy by JEOL. JEOL EELS glossary: inelastic-scattering spectra and their information
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy identifies emitted X-rays by photon energy. An incident electron beam can create inner-shell vacancies; subsequent atomic transitions generate Characteristic X-rays whose energies help identify constituent chemical elements.
A calibrated detector produces an emission spectrum containing peaks and background. Comparing peak counts can support composition measurements, but absorption within the sample, overlapping lines and detector response affect the result. The brightness recorded by an electron microscope is a different observable from elemental identification by spectral lines. [ref]
An orbital- and model-dependent parameter representing nuclear attraction after electronic screening. A screening construction writes ; a binding-energy construction requires an additional orbital-energy model.
Motion driven by the force on induced polarization in a nonuniform electric field. In the dipole regime its sign depends on the particle–medium polarizability contrast and its magnitude scales with particle volume.
With interface normal from medium 1 to medium 2, Ampère's boundary condition is . With no free surface current, tangential is continuous. Normal is continuous independently because magnetic monopoles are absent.
For linear isotropic media with no free sheet current, continuity of normal and tangential gives , where the angles are measured from the normal. It is a consequence of the two different magnetic boundary conditions, not continuity of every component of .
An interfacial decomposition layer that can suppress continued electrolyte reduction while allowing lithium-ion transport. Its formation consumes charge and may increase interfacial resistance.
Faradaic efficiency is the fraction of total transferred electric charge accounted for by a specified product. If production of one mole requires moles of electrons, then , where is the Faraday constant and is the measured charge.
For example, two-electron formation of one millimole of product accounts for approximately 193 coulombs. Dividing that charge by the total passed charge gives its Faradaic efficiency. The value differs from chemical yield, which compares product amount with a starting-material inventory.
Water electrolysis uses electrical work to convert water into hydrogen and oxygen. For the net reaction, two water molecules produce two hydrogen molecules and one oxygen molecule; four electrons pass through the external circuit per reaction as written.
The reversible voltage follows from the reaction's Gibbs free energy under specified conditions. Finite operating electric current additionally requires kinetic and transport driving forces and incurs resistive losses, so operating voltage exceeds the reversible requirement.
Electrolytic purification by transferring the desired metal from an impure dissolving anode to a purer cathode. Impurities can stay dissolved, remain as solids or form precipitated anode slime. Potential control, transport and exclusion of solid contamination are as important as tabulated standard potentials.
The difference between an applied electrode potential and the relevant equilibrium potential. Increasing its magnitude can drive electron transfer toward a mass-transport limit.
An electronically conducting support connecting active material to an external circuit.
Pinned article: Introduction to the OurBigBook Project
Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
Intro to OurBigBook
. Source. We have two killer features:
- topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculusArticles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
- a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
- a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
Figure 1. Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page. View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivativeVideo 2. OurBigBook Web topics demo. Source. - local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
- to OurBigBook.com to get awesome multi-user features like topics and likes
- as HTML files to a static website, which you can host yourself for free on many external providers like GitHub Pages, and remain in full control
Figure 2. You can publish local OurBigBook lightweight markup files to either OurBigBook.com or as a static website.
Figure 3. Visual Studio Code extension installation.
Figure 5. . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally. Video 3. Edit locally and publish demo. Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension. 
- Infinitely deep tables of contents:
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact