Dependence of subsequent contest behaviour or outcomes on previous wins or losses. Repeated outcomes require controls for pre-existing ability and opponent differences.

Age-associated changes in the tasks performed by social-group members. Social and physiological regulation can make the sequence plastic rather than strictly chronological.

CDQ divide and conquer is an offline divide-and-conquer pattern that partitions items in one ordered dimension, solves each half recursively and counts or applies contributions from the left half to the right during a merge. For three-dimensional dominance counting, first order by one coordinate, then merge by a second while a Fenwick tree aggregates the third. The cross-half pass accounts for interactions not handled inside either recursive call. Tie conventions must match strict or non-strict comparisons, and temporary updates must be removed or isolated before unrelated subproblems. A common implementation takes $O(n{\log }^{2}n)$ time after coordinate compression.

The carbonyl cis effect is preferential labilization of a ligand cis to another ligand in many six-coordinate metal carbonyls. Site preference in five-coordinate intermediates and transition states matters. Isotopic exchange can distinguish departure sites more directly than substitution-product geometry alone.

Movement between the natal site and the site of reproduction.

When merging two components in a disjoint-set data structure, attach the representative of the smaller component to that of the larger one. Each time an element's depth increases its component size at least doubles, so its depth is logarithmically bounded even before path compression is applied.

A developmental syndrome associated with dysregulation of Ras-controlled signaling. A broad phosphoprotein pattern alone does not establish diagnosis or identify a causal mutation.

A bacterial disease of honeybee brood caused by Paenibacillus larvae. Colony-level disease outcomes are distinct from an individual worker’s immune activity.

Abnormal accumulation of fat within liver cells. It is a tissue change that can occur through different metabolic and exposure-related pathways, rather than a complete statement of the underlying cause.

Recombination of sequence fragments followed by reassembly, allowing parental sequence blocks to be combined. Homology, crossover distribution and epistasis affect the resulting diversity.^[ref]

A ratio of characteristic dimensions of a shape, with the dimension pair stated. For a nanowire it usually means length divided by diameter. A high aspect ratio can promote spanning connectivity at low projected metal coverage.

If mass m, confinement radius R and Planck constant h are the only dimensional inputs to a nonrelativistic kinetic energy, matching mass, length and time dimensions gives $K=C{h}^2/(m{R}^2)$. The dimensionless coefficient C depends on the boundary condition and state. Ratios of energies therefore scale as inverse mass and inverse radius squared only when that dimensionless physics is unchanged. This separates a robust scaling law from a claim about an unspecified confinement spectrum.

A geometrically similar taut membrane of radius $r$, uniform isotropic tension $T$ per unit length and areal mass density $\sigma$ has normal mode frequencies $f=C{r}^{-1}\sqrt{T/\sigma }$. Matching mass, length and time dimensions fixes these exponents; the dimensionless constant depends on the normal mode and boundary shape. The result does not apply unchanged when bending stiffness adds an independent material parameter.

A cyclic osmate ester contains the newly formed carbon–oxygen bonds of an osmium-mediated alkene dihydroxylation. Both oxygen atoms attach on the same face; hydrolytic cleavage of metal–oxygen bonds releases the diol.

The digestive-tract region containing specialized absorptive and secretory epithelium. Architecture differs between intestinal regions and species.

A food relied on when preferred resources are unavailable. Selection associated with difficult periods can shape anatomy without making that food dominant in short-term observations.