International Journal of the Society of Materials Engineering for Resources 25(1), 137–144; the inspected issue header is April 2022, whereas the PDF also carries a 2021 copyright and 2020 acceptance. Cite the issue date rather than silently interpreting acceptance as publication. Sections 2–3 specify controlled Cu–Ag–Pb anodes, sulfate electrolyte, electrorefining and SEM/EDS/XRD characterization of slime.

Manufacturer technical handbook, Form 12004-A, 17 pages in the inspected copy. Printed pp.3–4 describe metallic-lithium construction and two-stage iron-disulfide conversion discharge; printed p.16 identifies the product as nonrechargeable. A web upload directory is not treated as the original publication date.

The official terminology section defines the colloidal range as roughly $1\mathrm{nm}$ to $1\mu \mathrm{m}$ in at least one dimension and classifies systems by dispersed and continuous constituents.

Journal of Chemical Physics 10, 51–61. doi.org/10.1063/1.1723621

Primary-paper scan: www.appliedpolymertechnology.org/uploads/1/0/8/8/108867241/jchemphys_10_51.pdf

The lattice model treats connected polymer segments and derives the nonideal combinatorial entropy before adding the energetic mixing contribution.

Journal of polymer Science: polymer Symposia 65, 173–192.

Publisher: doi.org/10.1002/polc.5070650116

The primary-paper abstract reports light-scattering and viscometry characterization of relatively stiff synthetic polymers in solution.

ACS Materials Letters 4, 329–335.

Publisher: doi.org/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.1c00655

The primary-paper abstract describes single-chain atomic-force measurements and calculations supporting the flexibility of polydimethylsiloxane. It is a modern material-property reference, not a source supplied with the historical exam.

Chemical Reviews 41(3), 441–501. Publisher: doi.org/10.1021/cr60130a002

Electrochemical Society primary-paper archive: knowledge.electrochem.org/estir/hist/hist-66-Grahame.pdf

Section VI, printed pp. 470–474, derives the diffuse-layer theory from Poisson and Boltzmann equations. Equations (43)–(48), printed p. 474, distinguish integrated charge, integral capacitance and differential capacitance. The archived PDF includes two preliminary pages before printed p. 441.

John C. Slater proposed empirical atomic screening rules used to estimate an effective nuclear charge for an electron. Slater's rules assign different screening contributions according to the shells and subshells occupied by the other electrons.

The calculation approximates a many-electron atom by a simpler effective attraction. Its usefulness comes from providing a consistent estimate, rather than claiming that all atomic electrons experience one identical constant charge.^[ref]

Leland C. Allen developed a spectroscopic definition of electronegativity based on average one-electron energies in free ground-state atoms. Weighting the valence s- and p-electron binding energies connects an atom-based scale with measurable spectral information.^[ref]

A. A. Onton coauthored research on optical absorption.^[ref]

Transfer of energy from an optical electromagnetic wave into matter. Electronic absorption depends on transition matrix elements, occupied and empty states, and the joint density of states. Bound excitons can create resonances below an independent-particle continuum edge.

Thomas A. Ford calculated structures and vibrational spectra of sulfur dioxide and ozone dimers. The molecular-orbital analysis distinguishes ozone’s terminal-centred nonbonding occupied orbital from its antibonding unoccupied orbital, connecting orbital character with the interpretation of intermolecular association.^[ref]

Yan-Ling Li coauthored research on calcium.^[ref]

Calcium is the chemical element with atomic number 20 and symbol $\mathrm{Ca}$. It is a alkaline earth metal. Its common ion is $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{a}}^{2+}$. Calcium in calcium carbonate or a biological signaling system is present in chemically bound or solvated forms, rather than as elemental metal; this distinction is essential when connecting mineral and biological chemistry.

Ralph G. Pearson coauthored research on hard and soft acids and bases.^[ref]

A qualitative matching framework for Lewis acids and bases. Hard species favour interactions with compact, less polarizable partners, whereas soft species favour more polarizable partners. It is not an ordering based solely on atomic electronegativity.

Gerardo Algara-Siller coauthored research on semiconductor.^[ref]

A semiconductor has an electronic band gap and a conductivity strongly affected by temperature, impurities and carrier injection. Optical absorption can create mobile electrons and holes, enabling a photodiode.

Josephine Paw Blaha coauthored research on crystal structure.^[ref]

A crystal structure specifies the chemical species and spatial arrangement of the chemical atoms or ions in a crystal. For an ideal periodic structure, separate two ingredients: a Bravais lattice specifies the translations that repeat the arrangement, and an atomic basis of a crystal specifies the chemical motif repeated at every lattice point. The outward shape, or crystal habit, is a different description: the internal arrangement is what this article describes.

Bruce E. Bursten coauthored research on crystal structure.^[ref]

A crystal structure specifies the chemical species and spatial arrangement of the chemical atoms or ions in a crystal. For an ideal periodic structure, separate two ingredients: a Bravais lattice specifies the translations that repeat the arrangement, and an atomic basis of a crystal specifies the chemical motif repeated at every lattice point. The outward shape, or crystal habit, is a different description: the internal arrangement is what this article describes.

John C. Dewan coauthored research on crystal structure.^[ref]

A crystal structure specifies the chemical species and spatial arrangement of the chemical atoms or ions in a crystal. For an ideal periodic structure, separate two ingredients: a Bravais lattice specifies the translations that repeat the arrangement, and an atomic basis of a crystal specifies the chemical motif repeated at every lattice point. The outward shape, or crystal habit, is a different description: the internal arrangement is what this article describes.

Richard B. Frankel coauthored research on crystal structure.^[ref]

A crystal structure specifies the chemical species and spatial arrangement of the chemical atoms or ions in a crystal. For an ideal periodic structure, separate two ingredients: a Bravais lattice specifies the translations that repeat the arrangement, and an atomic basis of a crystal specifies the chemical motif repeated at every lattice point. The outward shape, or crystal habit, is a different description: the internal arrangement is what this article describes.

Claudia Lewis Randolph coauthored research on crystal structure.^[ref]

A crystal structure specifies the chemical species and spatial arrangement of the chemical atoms or ions in a crystal. For an ideal periodic structure, separate two ingredients: a Bravais lattice specifies the translations that repeat the arrangement, and an atomic basis of a crystal specifies the chemical motif repeated at every lattice point. The outward shape, or crystal habit, is a different description: the internal arrangement is what this article describes.

Beth A. Wilson coauthored research on crystal structure.^[ref]

A crystal structure specifies the chemical species and spatial arrangement of the chemical atoms or ions in a crystal. For an ideal periodic structure, separate two ingredients: a Bravais lattice specifies the translations that repeat the arrangement, and an atomic basis of a crystal specifies the chemical motif repeated at every lattice point. The outward shape, or crystal habit, is a different description: the internal arrangement is what this article describes.