Simon Fraser University course, Fall 2007. Course instructor: Valentine Kabanets. Individual lecture authors and dates are recorded separately; the course's reading list does not identify authors of its lecture notes.

Course homepage: www2.cs.sfu.ca/~kabanets/710_2007/

Jan Gaspar is credited as the author of Boost.Circular Buffer by Jan Gaspar. The library provides a fixed-capacity container with circular storage, where insertion into a full buffer can overwrite an older entry according to the operation's semantics. Its implementation notes make storage allocation and end-operation costs explicit.^[ref]

Textbook collaborator credited with Harold Abelson and Gerald Jay Sussman on Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs by Harold Abelson and others. The publisher credits her as “With”; the CSAIL author profile also identifies her as a coauthor.^[ref][ref]

Official publisher profile: mitpress.mit.edu/author/julie-sussman-2581

Credited as transcriber, not original author, in the first-page footnote of the revision-3 transcription of The Complexity of Theorem-Proving Procedures by Stephen A. Cook.

Identity source: www.inf.unibz.it/~calvanese/teaching/tc/material/cook-1971-NP-completeness-of-SAT.pdf

For ideal coaxial conductors of radii $a<b$ filled with a homogeneous permittivity $ϵ$ and magnetic permeability $\mu$, Gauss's law gives $E_r=\lambda /(2\pi ϵr)$ and hence $C^{\prime }=2\pi ϵ/\ln (b/a)$. The magnetic field $H_{\phi }=I/(2\pi r)$ has energy per unit length $L^{\prime }{I}^2/2$, giving $L^{\prime }=\mu \ln (b/a)/(2\pi )$. These are the external-field parameters when internal magnetic penetration into the conductors is neglected. Their product is $L^{\prime }{C}^{\prime }=\mu ϵ$, and the characteristic impedance is $\sqrt{L^{\prime }/C^{\prime }}=\sqrt{\mu /ϵ}\ln (b/a)/(2\pi )$.

A civil engineer designs or evaluates infrastructure using civil engineering methods. The work can include estimating loads, modeling soil and structural response, selecting materials and checking construction against the design assumptions. For example, predicting bridge deflection requires both a mechanical model and credible boundary conditions for its supports. The role connects calculations to site conditions and measured behaviour rather than treating a drawing as a complete description of the physical system.

Thin-layer chromatography spreads a thin chromatographic stationary phase on a supporting plate. A small sample spot starts on a pencil origin line. The lower edge contacts the eluent, whose level must stay below that origin; capillary action draws the chromatographic mobile phase upward. Components exchange with the chromatographic stationary phase as the wet region advances. The leading wet edge is the solvent front. Mark it after removing the plate, before solvent evaporation erases it.^[ref]

Juniata College's Science in Motion protocol grinds vegetable tissue with about $5\mathrm{mL}$ of acetone, transfers the extract, adds about $2\mathrm{mL}$ of hexane, and specifies sampling the upper layer after separation. It spots a silica gel plate with a capillary tube, drying between repeated applications; a reference pigment occupies another lane. A closed jar contains about $0.5\mathrm{cm}$ depth of 70:30 hexane–acetone eluent, below the pencil origin. The plate is removed before the front reaches the top; the front is marked immediately. Spot centres and front are measured from the origin.^[ref]

The protocol's standard provides a comparison control. It specifies no added water in this extraction and reports no measured plate positions or temperature. Its tabulated pigment values are guidance, not observations from this run.^[ref]

A useful additional control is an eluent blank, checking contamination. Compare sample and standard on the same plate, and optionally apply both together at a third origin position. Agreement under identical conditions supports a proposed identity but cannot prove it: different substances can migrate together. A second eluent giving different selectivity strengthens the comparison. One spot cannot establish purity, and a missing visible spot can reflect poor detection rather than absence. Overloading, broad spots, or an uneven solvent front also weaken the readout. These are interpretation checks, not extra observations claimed for the protocol.

For a dilute solute distributed between two liquid regions at local chemical equilibrium, define the chromatographic partition coefficient asHere $c_m,c_s$ are concentrations expressed in the same units, $V_m,V_s$ specify accessible volume in the chromatographic mobile phase and immobilized liquid chromatographic stationary phase, respectively, $n$ is total solute amount of substance, and $f_m$ is the fraction of that amount of substance in the chromatographic mobile phase. Assume a constant chromatographic partition coefficient, rapid exchange, unchanged phases and temperature, and no chemical reaction. A chemical equilibrium population still exchanges molecules; it is not permanently divided into two sets.

The amount of substance balance proves the expression for $f_m$. Increasing either $K$ or $V_s/V_m$ reduces the mobile fraction, illustrating why a concentration ratio alone cannot determine retention. For surface adsorption, specify an adsorption storage law instead of assigning an arbitrary liquid volume to the solid.

An original discrete model makes the separation visible. In each identical cell, first establish local chemical equilibrium, then advance only the mobile fraction by one cell; let the stationary fraction wait. Repeat twelve times, without any additional spreading. With $V_s=V_m$, stipulated chromatographic partition coefficients $K_A=1/3$ and $K_B=3$ give $f_A=3/4$ and $f_B=1/4$. Each cycle contributes mean displacement $f_m$ cells, so the mean positions after twelve cycles are nine cells and three cells. Redistribution itself broadens each band: the cell positions have a binomial distribution with parameters $12,f_m$. These dimensionless chosen values illustrate transport, not measurements of any particular substances.

Authored Nobel lecture; inspected transcript.

Institutional history; undated.

J. Am. Chem. Soc. 57(7), 1251–1256.

Institutional table from National Institute of Standards and Technology. Undated; cited magnesium-24, magnesium-25 and magnesium-26 neutral-mass and reference-composition rows.

Compiled and copyrighted by Moorpark College Department of Chemistry. Cover label: version 4.0, Fall 2020–Present; no upload date or personal byline is established.

Institutional manual: www.moorparkcollege.edu/sites/moorparkcollege/files/media/pdf_document/2020/chem_1b_lab_manual.pdf

Institutional student laboratory handout issued and hosted by PASCO. No individual author byline or publication or revision date is established.

Official handout: cdn.pasco.com/lab_experiment/l_1169/Equilibrium_of_Sugar_Mutarotation_S.pdf

Inspected locators: pp. 2–4, materials and procedure 1–19. The inspected procedure concerns equilibrium endpoints; it is not a timed kinetics record.

Document prepared by Alan D. McNaught for the IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. The inspected landing page distinguishes the printed document’s preparation from the World Wide Web version prepared by G. P. Moss. Queen Mary University of London hosts the web version. Pure and Applied Chemistry 68, 1919–2008, is the 1996 publication; the listed 1997 reprints are distinct.

Official web version and credits: iupac.qmul.ac.uk/2carb/

By Irving Langmuir. Journal of the American Chemical Society 40(9), 1361–1403 (1918). Received 25 June 1918. Colorado State University hosts this scan.

Institutional full text: diverdi.colostate.edu/C431/experiments/surface_area_of_solids/references/j_acs_1918_v40_p1361.pdf

DOI: doi.org/10.1021/ja02242a004

Cited passages: pp. 1365, 1368–1370, 1374–1378, 1381 and 1385.

Technique page in University of Pittsburgh Chem0330 teaching material. No named author or publication date is credited.

Online text: sites.pitt.edu/~ceder/lab5/thinlayerchrom.html

Cited passages: Definition; Solvent; Process Overview, steps 1–6.

Laboratory protocol issued by Juniata College’s Science in Motion programme. Its chemistry laboratory index lists the protocol under Chromatography, Procedural Labs, TLC of Vegetables. No individual author or publication date is credited.

Protocol: more.juniata.edu/academics-classes/science-in-motion/labs-and-equipment/media/chemistry-files/TLC%20of%20Veggies.pdf

Institutional index: more.juniata.edu/academics-classes/science-in-motion/labs-and-equipment/chemistry.php

Cited passages: PDF pp. 1–4, introduction, materials, procedure, sample and standard lanes, calculations and control question.

Institutional teaching site titled Hyper-TVT: on line Thermische VerfahrensTechnik, issued by ETH Zurich’s Institute of Process Engineering and preserved in the ETH Web Archive. The imprint identifies Marco Mazzotti as publisher; this is distinct from personal authorship of the course or a chapter. No publication or revision date is established.

Imprint: www.hyper-tvt.ethz.ch/tvt_imprint.html

Institutional teaching page in the Online Virtual Laboratory of the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. No individual author, publication date or revision date is established.

Online text: virtuallabs.hkust.edu.hk/Distillation

Cited section: Introduction: relative volatility and composition enrichment; Introduction: returned condensate/reflux and phase exchange; Introduction: plates, trays or packing for contact; Intended Learning Outcomes: equilibrium stages, reflux ratio and feed-state dependence.