Soft matter studies materials whose large-scale structures respond strongly to modest mechanical or thermal disturbances, including polymers, liquid crystals and colloids. Polymer physics connects chain conformations to material response; the coil-stretch transition is one example.

Condensed matter physics studies the collective behavior of matter with many interacting constituents, especially solids and liquids. Crystal structure, electron interactions and thermal motion produce properties that are not apparent from one isolated atom.

A phonon describes a collective lattice vibration, while superconductivity involves a coherent many-electron state. The same microscopic ingredients can produce different phases as temperature, pressure or composition changes. Experiments connect structural, transport, magnetic and spectroscopic measurements with models of those phases.

A biologist specializing in botany.

A molecular motor couples an energy supply to directed mechanical motion. ATP synthase provides a rotary example.

Autoradiography localizes a radioactive label through its effect on a recording medium. In electron microscopy, developed photographic grains are compared with specimen structures; their positions have finite localization precision.

Pulse-chase analysis marks a cohort during a short pulse, then follows it while unlabeled precursor reduces subsequent labeling during the chase. Label specificity and effective suppression of new incorporation constrain interpretation.

Nature Communications 13, 2232 (2022), by Hui Guo and John L. Rubinstein.

Cited passages: abstract; Introduction; Figure 1. Yeast hydrolysis conditions; synthesis-related interpretation is distinguished.

Journal of Biological Chemistry 284, 22401–22410 (2009).

Cited passages: Experimental Procedures; Results, Figure 1. Isolated F1 rotation assay.

By Rikiya Watanabe. BIOPHYSICS 9, 51–56 (2013). Authored review.

Cited passages: pp. 51–52, stoichiometry; Figure 2, reversal; pp. 54–55, proton-driven apparatus.

By Hui Guo, Toshiharu Suzuki, and John L. Rubinstein. eLife 8:e43128 (2019).

Cited passages: Introduction; Figures 1 and 4B–D; Proton translocation through the FO region. Structural inference is distinguished from a live molecular trajectory.

By Hiroyuki Noji, Ryohei Yasuda, Masasuke Yoshida, and Kazuhiko Kinosita Jr.. Nature 386, 299–302; published 20 March 1997. DOI 10.1038/386299a0.

Cited passages: publisher abstract and author information. The abstract describes fluorescent-filament observation of isolated F1 rotation; it does not establish the complete membrane-coupled synthesis assay.

By Philip E. Stewart, George Chaconas and Patricia Rosa. Journal of Bacteriology 185(10), 3202–3209 (May 2003).

Publication record and abstract: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12730180/

Only the abstract’s opening statement about natural linear and circular plasmids is cited.

Reference issued by Addgene; no individual byline or publication date is established.

Online reference: www.addgene.org/mol-bio-reference/

Cited passages: Plasmid Elements, Fig. 2 and feature table; Working with Plasmids; Molecular Cloning.

By Stanley Norman Cohen, credited as Stanley N. Cohen. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110(39), 15521–15529; online 16 September 2013, issue 24 September 2013.

Retrospective: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3785787/

Cited passage: The Hawaii Meeting and the Initial DNA Cloning Experiments, Figs. 2–3.

Unsigned slides hosted by Boston University. No named author, instructor or publication date is established; the filename does not establish those roles or dates.

Lecture slides: www.bu.edu/aldolase/biochemistry2/12_TCA%20Cycle_4_2024.pdf

Cited passage: slide numbered 4, Origin of C-Atoms in CO2. Indexed slide text was inspected after direct PDF access failed.

Nobel Lecture by Hans Adolf Krebs, delivered 11 December 1953.

Official PDF: www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/krebs-lecture.pdf

Inspected transcription: studyres.com/doc/1333386/hans-a.-krebs---nobel-lecture

Cited passages: printed pp. 399–404, especially Table 1.

By Jacques Berthet and Christian de Duve, credited as J. Berthet and C. de Duve. Published in Biochemical Journal 50(2), 174–181, December 1951; received 28 March 1951. The received date is distinct from publication. Portland Press hosts the publisher PDF.

Publisher PDF: portlandpress.com/biochemj/article-pdf/50/2/174/800018/bj0500174.pdf

DOI: doi.org/10.1042/bj0500174

Inspected passage: indexed first-page text, printed p. 174, introduction and Methods, Fractionation of tissue constituents. The full original PDF and subsequent pages were not inspected; this locator does not support claims about unseen tables, numerical activity magnitudes, exact spin settings or specific disruption reagents.

Nobel lecture by Christian de Duve, delivered 12 December 1974. This is the lecture date, not an established online publication date. NobelPrize.org hosts the official document; the inspected text was a transcription on Doczz because the official PDF could not be fetched.

Official lecture PDF: www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/duve-lecture.pdf

Inspected transcription: doczz.net/doc/8221300/christian-de-duve---nobel-lecture

Cited passages: printed pp. 152–159, Figures 1–7, fractionation and enzyme latency; pp. 161–164, microscopy. This is a primary investigator’s retrospective account; it does not replace direct inspection of the original assay paper.

Edited collection, subtitled Mitochondrial Protein Kinases, Protein Phosphatases and Mitochondrial Diseases, published by Elsevier in 2009. Individual contribution authors are distinct from volume editors; no whole-volume personal authorship is assigned.

Official Practical Biology teaching protocol. No individual author byline is established; the site’s institutional issuance and hosting are distinct from personal authorship. September 2008 identifies its safety check, not a publication date. The worker inspected indexed official text; direct page access was unavailable.

Official protocol: practicalbiology.org/energy/photosynthesis/investigating-the-light-dependent-reaction-in-photosynthesis.html

Inspected locators: Apparatus and Chemicals; Technical notes 1–4; Procedure a–k and five-tube table; Teaching notes; Sample results and Question 1.