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An inhibitor of respiratory complex III.
A chemical used to produce respiratory uncoupling by carrying protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Inhibits mitochondrial ATP synthase; used to distinguish ATP-linked respiration from residual oxygen consumption.
A hemiacetal has an hydroxy group and an group on the same saturated carbon; is attached through carbon.
DCPIP is an artificial electron acceptor used in the chloroplast dye-reduction experiment. Under its assay conditions, the oxidized dye is blue and its reduction removes that blue color.
Liquid air is a cryogenic liquid mixture produced from atmospheric gases, chiefly nitrogen and oxygen. It does not behave as a pure substance with a single composition-independent boiling temperature.
Because its components have different volatilities, evaporation changes the mixture's composition. Fractional distillation uses that difference to separate major atmospheric gases, linking phase equilibrium with industrial gas production.
Brass is a copper-zinc alloy. Its phase composition and mechanical properties depend on the copper-to-zinc ratio and on processing history.
A brass object can contain a single solid-solution phase or multiple phases. This distinguishes the name of an alloy family from a complete specification of its microstructure.
A glass is an amorphous solid whose structure lacks the long-range periodic order of a crystal. Window glass is a silicate-based example, but glass formation is not restricted to one chemical composition.
Cooling and relaxation history affect structure and residual stress. The glass transition concerns the slowing of molecular or atomic rearrangements, so it differs from the equilibrium melting of an ideal crystalline phase.
Mica denotes a family of layered silicate minerals. Strong bonding within sheets and weaker coupling between sheets allow many micas to split into thin flakes.
A pigment is a material that changes the colour of light through selective absorption and scattering, commonly while dispersed as particles in another material. Particle size and dispersion therefore matter alongside molecular or crystal composition.
Calcite is a crystalline form of calcium carbonate, . Its structure differs from other calcium-carbonate polymorphs despite identical chemical composition.
Calcite is optically anisotropic: light propagation depends on direction and polarization relative to the crystal. Its familiar double-refraction effect connects macroscopic optical observations with an ordered atomic structure.
Trypan blue is an organic dye used as a membrane-exclusion indicator in cell studies. Cells with sufficiently intact plasma membranes generally exclude the dye, whereas membrane-compromised cells can become stained.
The observation reports membrane permeability under the measurement conditions. It does not by itself measure every aspect of cellular function, making it a useful example of the distinction between an experimental readout and the broader biological property inferred from it.
Chloroform is trichloromethane, . It is a molecular liquid with three chlorine atoms attached to a tetrahedral carbon center.
Deuterated chloroform, , is widely used as an NMR solvent: replacing most proton signal with deuterium reduces the solvent's proton background and supplies a lock signal. Ordinary chloroform and its deuterated isotopologue therefore have closely related chemistry but different spectroscopic roles.
Acetone is the ketone , with a carbonyl group between two methyl groups. Its polar carbonyl makes it a useful solvent and an electrophilic center for nucleophilic addition.
Hydrogens on its adjacent methyl groups can be removed to form an enolate. Thus one molecule illustrates both carbonyl electrophilicity and the carbon acidity used in carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions.
Phosphoric acid is , an oxyacid with three successively removable protons. Its conjugate-base forms include dihydrogen phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, and phosphate.
Their proportions depend on pH. A phosphate-containing buffer therefore represents a mixture of protonation states rather than one universally triply charged ion; this is also relevant to interpreting an acid-base titration.
[ref]
Chemistry 2e by Paul Flowers and others. Chapter14, Acid-Base Equilibria: polyprotic acids and phosphate protonation
A pH indicator used in the inspected titrant standardization protocol. Its visible color signals a titration endpoint rather than defining the equivalence point.
A salt used as a primary standard for titrant standardization; its acid-bearing anion consumes one hydroxide per formula unit in the specified neutralization.
A solid solution is a solid phase whose composition can vary as components share one crystal structure. In a substitutional solid solution, atoms replace host atoms on lattice sites; interstitial solutions place smaller atoms between them.
Pinned article: Introduction to the OurBigBook Project
Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
Intro to OurBigBook
. Source. We have two killer features:
- topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculusArticles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
- a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
- a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
Figure 1. Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page. View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivativeVideo 2. OurBigBook Web topics demo. Source. - local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
- to OurBigBook.com to get awesome multi-user features like topics and likes
- as HTML files to a static website, which you can host yourself for free on many external providers like GitHub Pages, and remain in full control
Figure 2. You can publish local OurBigBook lightweight markup files to either OurBigBook.com or as a static website.
Figure 3. Visual Studio Code extension installation.
Figure 5. . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally. Video 3. Edit locally and publish demo. Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension. 
- Infinitely deep tables of contents:
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact