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Issued by National Institute of Standards and Technology.

Publisher: National Institute of Standards and Technology.

This source is credited to an organization.

Online text: www.nist.gov/pml/sensor-science/thermodynamic-metrology/mercury-thermometer-alternatives/mercury-thermometer-1

Cited passages: Platinum Resistance Thermometers, opening explanation: SPRTs as ITS-90 interpolation tools; Platinum Resistance Thermometers, opening explanation: conventional 100-ohm element at 0 °C.

Page created 14 December 2011; updated 16 April 2024. The creation timestamp is not an independently established first-publication date.

By Gregory F. Strouse, Billy W. Mangum, C. D. Vaughn, E. Y. Xu.

Publisher: National Institute of Standards and Technology.

Online text: tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=830609

Cited passages: A New NIST Automated Calibration System for Industrial-Grade Platinum Resistance Thermometers, §§3.1, 3.3 and 4.2, printed pp. 2–6: baths, readout, four-terminal devices and reversed current; §1, printed p. 2; §4.2, printed pp. 5–6; §5.4, printed p. 9: excluded effects, drift rejection, check thermometer, immersion and extra fit checks.

NISTIR 6225, published 1 September 1998.

By Jonathan Pearce, Richard Rusby, Kazuaki Yamazawa, Steffen Rudtsch, Luigi Iacomini, Giuseppina Lopardo, D. R. White, Weston L. Tew.

Publisher: Bureau International des Poids et Mesures.

Online text: www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41773843/BIPM_CCT_Guide_to_IPRTs.pdf/b3bd8bba-3b0b-ab46-481f-29ceddf7bb31?download=true&version=1.1

Cited passages: Guide on Secondary Thermometry: Industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometers, §2.1, printed pp. 6–7: resistivity, electron scattering, and impurities; §4.1, printed pp. 24–26, equation (4.1.1): self-heating, two-current extrapolation, and medium dependence; §§1–2.2, printed pp. 5–11: industrial elements versus SPRTs and wire/film construction; §§4.4.1 and 4.4.3, printed pp. 30 and 32–33: two-wire inclusion of leads and four-wire exclusion.

The PDF was updated on 22 November 2021; the NIST catalogue gives a publication date of 18 January 2022. The Consultative Committee for Thermometry prepared the guidelines under the auspices of the International Committee for Weights and Measures.

Additional response-time locator: §4.3, printed pp. 28–30, equations 4.3.1–4.3.3, develops first-order response, its dependence on thermometer and medium, and a measured two-component response with distinct fast and slow time constants. www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41773843/BIPM_CCT_Guide_to_IPRTs.pdf/b3bd8bba-3b0b-ab46-481f-29ceddf7bb31?download=true&version=1.1

Collection of sources; individual chapter authors and dates are recorded below.

Publisher: National Council of Educational Research and Training.

This source is credited to an organization.

Collection of sources; individual chapter authors and dates are recorded below.

Publisher: National Council of Educational Research and Training.

This source is credited to an organization.

Publisher: Pearson Education Ltd.

Online text: qualifications.pearson.com/content/dam/pdf/International%20GCSE/Science%20%28Double%20Award%29/2024/teaching-and-learning-materials/core-practical-guide-modular-biology-chemistry-physics.pdf

Issue 1. Copyright 2024; the cover identifies first teaching September 2024. These are not asserted as a publication date.

Cited passages: International GCSE (Modular) Core Practical Guide, Issue 1, Physics core practicals 8–9, printed pp. 171–172 and 178–179: slit source, internal angle convention, pencil crosses, side-edge avoidance and sine-plot axes.

Online text: courses.egr.uh.edu/ECE/ECE2202/Trombetta%20Lecture%20Notes/Notes.TheveninNortonReview.pdf

Cited passages: Thevenin and Norton Equivalents, p. 11, “On a Negative Thevenin Equivalent Resistance”: dependent-source models can have negative equivalent resistance; Thevenin and Norton Equivalents, pp. 1–2, “The Idea” and “Important Notes”: equivalence at the specified terminals; Thevenin and Norton Equivalents, pp. 5–7, “Test Source Method for RTH” and Notes: suppress independent sources, retain dependent sources.

By James M. Fiore.

Publisher: James M. Fiore via dissidents.

Online text: www2.mvcc.edu/users/faculty/jfiore/Circuits1/labs/LaboratoryManualForDCElectricalCircuits.pdf

Inspected manual version 1.4.3 dated 28 October 2020; not a claim about its first publication.

Cited passages: Laboratory Manual for DC Electrical Circuit Analysis by James M. Fiore, version 1.4.3, experiment 11, printed pp. 52–55: Equipment, Procedure 1–10, Tables 11.1–11.3.

By Clemson University physics lecture demonstrations.

Publisher: Clemson University.

This source is credited to an organization.

Online text: science.clemson.edu/physics/labs/Demo_Web/Demos/1q60.40.htm

Cited passages: Spinning Book by Clemson University, physics lecture demonstrations, 1Q60.40: Purpose, Description and Equipment.

By David Tong.

Additional online chapter: www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/tong/dynamics/two.pdf

Additional cited passages: 2. The Lagrangian Formalism, §2.1, printed pp. 10–12, equations (2.2)–(2.8); §2.3, printed pp. 17–19, ideal holonomic constraints; §2.5.2, printed p. 28, equations (2.68)–(2.72); §2.6 and §2.6.1, printed pp. 38–42, especially equations (2.130)–(2.132). These are authored lecture notes by David Tong, hosted by Cambridge DAMTP; no chapter publication date or separately contributed byline is established.

Publisher: University of Tennessee physics teaching site.

Online text: labs.phys.utk.edu/mbreinig/phys421/modules/m3/Refracting%20systems%20details.html

Cited passages: Refracting systems (details), definition of principal planes, unit lateral magnification, and final imaging equation; Refracting systems (details), principal-plane definition and final paragraph on object/image distances; University of Tennessee physics teaching resource, Refracting systems (details), final paragraph: object and image distances must refer to the principal planes.

By Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Faculty of Physics teaching laboratory.

Publisher: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Faculty of Physics.

This source is credited to an organization.

Online text: labs.physik.kit.edu/prakt-nebenfach-manuals/Experiments/Brennweise_d%C3%BCnne_Linsen/

Cited passages: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Brennweite dünner Linsen, Durchführung and Aufgaben 1a and 2: target, illumination check, rail readout, repeated Bessel measurements and colour controls.

By PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG.

Publisher: PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG.

Publication information: www.phywe.de/physik/waermelehre-thermodynamik/kinetische-gastheorie-und-gasgesetze/joule-thomson-apparatur_800_1731/

This source is credited to an organization.

Online text: phywe-itemservice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/sites/DMS-Phywe/PROD/de-DE/item/phy_operatingmanuals/04/04361-00/0436100E.PDF

Operating-instructions version dated 2024 in the printed page footers.

Cited passages: PHYWE, 2024 instructions, p. 2, section 4, Hints concerning the experiment: pressure limit, equilibration, drift, averaging and zero compensation; PHYWE, Joule-Thomson apparatus 04361-00, 2024 instructions, pp. 1–2, sections 2–4: heat exchanger, frit, manometer, probes and difference readout.

James M. Fiore's circuit-analysis laboratory manual connects network equations with actual voltage and current measurements. Testing Kirchhoff's voltage law and Kirchhoff's current law requires consistent choices of reference directions and node potentials, while the measuring instrument itself can load the circuit. Comparing predicted and measured values therefore tests both the circuit model and the measurement arrangement. This gives a physical reason to distinguish ideal components from a laboratory realization.^[ref]

An engineering educator whose joint teaching text connects the first law of thermodynamics with practical energy bookkeeping. The change in stored internal energy differs from the heat and work transferred during a process. Separating a state function from transfers across a system boundary helps compare different ways of taking the same material between two states.^[ref]

An engineering educator whose joint course notes use thermodynamics to analyze energy conversion. Their treatment of a moving piston distinguishes the gas pressure from the external pressure that determines work on the surroundings. The two can be equated only under suitable mechanical conditions, preventing a misleading use of equilibrium formulas during rapid or freely expanding processes.^[ref]