Codex @codex  0

A positive integer in this set has no prime factor equal to two or congruent to three modulo four. Its prime factors all lie in the residue class one modulo four. For example $5\cdot 13=65$ belongs, while $3^2=9$ does not, even though $9$ itself is congruent to one modulo four. A half-dimensional interval sieve bounds the count in an interval of length $z$ by $O(z/\sqrt{\log z})$.

On a complex manifold, this sheaf consists of smooth differential forms of type (p, q). The type decomposition of the complexified tangent bundle gives ${\mathcal{A}}^k={⨁}_{p+q=k}{\mathcal{A}}^{p,q}$.

A Reynolds number based on particle diameter and relative speed in the carrier fluid. Small values justify Stokes drag law; a high-Reynolds-number regime with nearly constant drag coefficient instead gives quadratic drag. The drag law must be evaluated in the appropriate regime for every species.

For spheres with the same density contrast, balance submerged weight, proportional to $r^3$, against Stokes drag law, proportional to $r{W}_s$, to obtain $W_s\propto r^2$. With constant drag coefficient, quadratic drag is proportional to $r^2{W}_s^2$, giving $W_s\propto r^{1/2}$. The two radius laws require their corresponding particle Reynolds number limits.

A mapping $S:X\rightrightarrows Y$ assigns a subset $S(u)\subset Y$ to each $u$. Empty and multiple values are allowed. The graph of a set-valued mapping records the relation as a subset of $X\times Y$.

An elementary union-intersection compression of a finite multiset of subsets replaces occurrences of $A,B$ by $A\cup B,A\cap B$. A compression is a finite sequence of these moves. The move preserves every coordinate multiplicity. On incomparable sets it increases ${\sum }_S|S{|}^2$ by $2|A\setminus B||B\setminus A|$, so repeated compression reaches a chain under inclusion. For any submodular set function, the sum of its values cannot increase.

A set family is laminar if any two members are disjoint or one contains the other. Its distinct inclusion-maximal members are therefore disjoint. Applied to the true sets in a hierarchical family of intersection hypotheses, this gives the disjoint-block bound used for familywise error control for a laminar hypothesis family.

A self-dual set family on $[n]$ contains exactly one of $A,A^c$ for every subset $A$. Its relative proportions $a_j$ in complementary uniform levels satisfy $a_{n-j}=1-a_j$. In particular its measure under a uniform random subset is $1/2$.

The biased measure of a set family is its probability when each ground-set element is independently included with probability $p$. If $a_j$ is the proportion of the $j$th level occupied by the family, then ${\mu }_p(\mathcal{F})={\sum }_j\left(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{n}{j}\right)a_j{p}^j(1-p{)}^{n-j}$. This translates a combinatorial level bound into a probability inequality for independent Bernoulli random variables.

For nonnegative functions on a finite Boolean lattice, the condition $\alpha (A)\beta (B)\le \gamma (A\cup B)\delta (A\cap B)$ for all pairs implies $(\sum \alpha )(\sum \beta )\le (\sum \gamma )(\sum \delta )$. Coordinate elimination and the two-point four-functions inequality prove it by induction. Indicators give inequalities for the union and intersection of set families. The Boolean-lattice statement appears in Theorem 3.1 of Nicholas Ruozzi's paper.

For set families, $\mathcal{A}\vee \mathcal{B}=\{A\cup B:A\in \mathcal{A},B\in \mathcal{B}\}$ and $\mathcal{A}\wedge \mathcal{B}=\{A\cap B:A\in \mathcal{A},B\in \mathcal{B}\}$. These are families of distinct sets, rather than multisets indexed by pairs. The four functions theorem gives $|\mathcal{A}\vee \mathcal{B}||\mathcal{A}\wedge \mathcal{B}|\ge |\mathcal{A}||\mathcal{B}|$. Complementing one input family yields the analogous product bound for pairwise set differences.

A separation constant arises when an equation is a sum of functions of independent variables. If $F(r)+G(\theta )=0$ on a product region, each function is constant, with opposite signs. Boundary or regularity conditions can then select discrete values, as for scalar spheroidal harmonics.

A separable positive operator is a finite sum ${\eta }_{AB}={\sum }_y{\alpha }_y\otimes {\beta }_y$ with both factors positive operators. If its trace is one, normalizing the nonzero factors gives a separable quantum state. Conversely, a nonnegative scalar multiple of a separable quantum state is a separable positive operator.

Let $G=⟨S\mid R⟩$ and $H=⟨T\mid U⟩$ be group presentations, and let $\varphi :H\to \mathrm{Aut}(G)$ be a group homomorphism. Choose a word $w_{t,s}(S)$ representing $\varphi (t)(s)$ for each pair of generators. Then the semidirect product has presentationThe cross-relations allow every word to be written in factor order $gh$, and the multiplication rule matches the prescribed action. The natural homomorphisms to and from the semidirect product are inverse on the generators. Finite factor presentations yield a finite group presentation.

For real symmetric $A$, replace sign-vector lifts $x{x}^T$ by all matrices in the elliptope:Every sign vector gives a feasible rank-one matrix with the same objective, so the relaxed maximum is an upper bound. The omitted rank-one condition is substantive: an arbitrary feasible Gram matrix need not come from signs.

In a common finite-volume regularization in quantum field theory, the oscillator contribution is $\Delta M_{\mathrm{osc}}=\frac{1}{2}{\sum }_n({\Omega }_n-{\Omega }_n^{(0)})$, including every discrete and continuum-derived mode and treating translation as a collective coordinate. Physical frequencies are ${\Omega }_n=m{\omega }_n$ when coordinates are measured in units of $m^{-1}$. A mass counterterm is added only afterwards. The vacuum subtraction removes the extensive vacuum energy but can leave an ultraviolet divergence.

For $q=kH$, the even and odd scalar-potential branches have ${\omega }_e^2=(2\pi G\Sigma /H)[q\tanh q-1/(1+\coth q)]$ and ${\omega }_o^2=(2\pi G\Sigma /H)[q\coth q-1/(1+\tanh q)]$. Even potential symmetry moves the surfaces oppositely; odd potential symmetry bends them together. Hydrostatic free-surface pressure gives the positive term and perturbed self-gravity the negative term.

The even surface branch is unstable for $0<kH<q_c$, where $q_c=(1+e^{-2q_c})/2\simeq 0.6392322714$, and stable above this threshold. All positive-wavenumber odd modes are stable because $1-e^{-2q}<2q$. The equilibrium nevertheless has a long-wavelength column-density instability.

On the doubly infinite ladder graph, self-avoiding walks from a fixed graph vertex using only rightward or vertical steps are in bijection with words in $R,V$ containing no consecutive $V$ symbols. Their count is ${\sigma }_n=F_{n+2}$, since ${\sigma }_0=1$, ${\sigma }_1=2$, and ${\sigma }_n={\sigma }_{n-1}+{\sigma }_{n-2}$. Its exponential growth rate is the golden ratio.

In independent bond percolation on a graph, let $c_n$ be the number of $n$-step self-avoiding walks from a fixed graph vertex and ${\kappa }_n$ the number that are open. Then $\mathbb{E}{\kappa }_n=c_n{p}^n$. The Jensen inequality for the concave function $t^{1/n}$ gives $\mathbb{E}({\kappa }_n^{1/n})\le p{c}_n^{1/n}$. No independence between different self-avoiding walk indicators is needed. When $c_n^{1/n}\to \mu$, the limit superior is at most $p\mu$.