Archives of Medicine, volume 1, pp. 100–102. Contemporary account of extraction, solubility, melting behaviour and equivalent-weight analysis. The early analytical claims must be distinguished from later revisions of purity and identity.

Excretin in A Text-book of Physiological Chemistry (1914)

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runeberg.org/physchem/0537.html
Tetra Pak, chapter 18: denatured whey proteins, lactose recovery and crystallization. Modern centrifugal and membrane operations are not attributed to an 1864 examination laboratory.
Tetra Pak, chapter 2: constituents, physical dispersion, casein precipitation and pH. Current dairy chemistry used to explain the historical separation question.
Health Professional Fact Sheet, “Iodine deficiency”: goitre and neurodevelopmental consequences, distinguished from historical lime-water claims.
Contemporary review, passage headed “Bread”, lists reported bulk additions and baking salts. Cited as a report of period allegations, not a new verification of every substance in English bread.
Primary account by Edward Frankland, American Journal of Science, volume 42, pp. 393–416, on combustion measurements and the quantitative problem of muscular power.
Contemporary source by William Odling, published in London by Longmans, Green. The historical source for the language of solar force and eremacausis.
Primary paper: Subunit counting in membrane-bound proteins, Nature Methods 4, 319–321 (2007). pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2744285/
Cited passage: stepwise single-molecule photobleaching as a count of active fluorescent labels in membrane protein assemblies.
Primary paper: Cell-substrate contacts illuminated by total internal reflection fluorescence, Journal of Cell Biology 89, 141–145 (1981). doi.org/10.1083/jcb.89.1.141
Cited passage: evanescent excitation of near-substrate fluorophores and suppression of deeper fluorescence background.
Primary paper: Principles that govern the folding of protein chains, Science 181, 223–230 (1973). pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4124164/
Cited passage: thermodynamic hypothesis and reversible refolding experiments under specified environmental conditions.
Primary high-speed rotation study: substeps and two slow events within the catalytic dwell. The threefold catalytic arrangement does not imply three independent slow reactions in each dwell.
Primary report in Nano Letters 10, 4756–4761, on reversible fluorescent binding events and accumulated localization imaging of DNA nanostructures.
Science 289, 920–930. Substrate-analogue structures locate peptide-bond formation in an RNA-based active site of the ribosome.
Nature Methods 5, 155–157. Combines photoactivated localization microscopy and single-particle tracking to map molecular mobility in living cells.
Stabilized optical tweezers resolve repeated single-base-pair-scale advances of RNA polymerase; displacement analysis and independent transcript analysis connect motion to nucleotide incorporation.
The lecture describes binding changes, catalytic-site occupancy and coupling in ATP synthase.
This original single-molecule study, with Thorsten Hugel among its authors, identifies the Bacillus subtilis host in its introduction and tests a proposed packaging-motor motion. The host statement corrects the organism mismatch in the Oxford 2021 examination.
The model by Naama Barkai and Stanislas Leibler distinguishes robustness of adaptation from invariance of baseline activity. Figure 1b and equation 1 explain why output-dependent reverse modification can remove the need for tuning to ligand level.
Single-channel recordings and noise analysis resolve two conducting protopores and disease-associated gating effects.
Functional measurements connect myotonia-associated variants to altered voltage dependence.
Human genetic evidence links muscle chloride-channel defects with myotonia.
Familial cardiac sodium-channel variants implicate altered inactivation in inherited long QT syndrome.
Analysis and experiments quantify how photon statistics, background and pixel size affect position estimation.
Cytoplasmic peptide rescue tests the pore-blocking interpretation of N-terminal inactivation.
N-terminal perturbations test the structural origin of rapid inactivation.
The Kv1.2 crystal structure resolves voltage-sensor and pore architecture.
Gating-charge measurements after charge neutralization identify contributions from voltage-sensor residues.
Matched fluorescent reporters distinguish within-cell reporter differences from correlated cell-to-cell variation.
Extension measurements on positively and negatively supercoiled single DNA tethers distinguish promoter unwinding from compaction.
Journal of the American Chemical Society 135, 1919–1925 (2013). Publisher record. Primary article or institutional bibliographic record.
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 344, 708–717 (2013). Publisher record. Primary article or institutional bibliographic record.
Cited passages: Gill and Meren, 1978, abstract and pp. 3050–3054, protein modification correlated with adenylate-cyclase activity.
Cited passages: Jagendorf and Uribe, 1966, pp. 170–177, acid–base transition experiment.
Cited passages: Racker and Stoeckenius, 1974, pp. 662–663, reconstituted light-driven proton uptake and ATP formation.
Cited passages: Cushman and Wardzala, 1980, pp. 4758–4762, intracellular and plasma-membrane transport-site distributions.
Cited passages: Tramontano, Janda and Lerner, 1986, abstract: ester hydrolysis and inhibition by haptens.
Cited passages: Wright, Alden and Kraut, 1969, structure of subtilisin BPN′ and active-site comparison.
Cited passages: Kawashima and colleagues, 1996, abstract and nucleotide-binding-site structural analysis.
Cited passages: Hoischen and colleagues, 1996, abstract and permease-loop mutagenesis results.
Andy M. Lau and coauthors.
Inigo Barrio-Hernandez and coauthors.
Nature Chemical Biology 13, 1123–1128 (2017). doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.2470
Journal of the American Chemical Society 134, 890–892 (2012). doi.org/10.1021/ja210657t
Nature 493, 181–186 (2013). doi.org/10.1038/nature11744
FEBS Letters 451, 295–298 (1999). doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(99)00596-7
Nature 474, 350–355 (2011). doi.org/10.1038/nature10151
Journal of Biological Chemistry 184, 333–350 (1950). pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15422002/
Original research by M. C. Orencia and colleagues.
Original research by Patricia S. Langan and colleagues.
Relevant passages: pp. 552–554, antibody variable-domain display and binding selection.
Relevant passages: pp. 522–525, experimental CDR transfer.
Relevant passages: pp. 495–497, fusion of myeloma and immunized spleen cells.
Relevant passages: Abstract and pp. 37–43, rapid acetylcholine application and trapped receptor state.
Relevant passages: pp. 69–77, KcsA pore and selectivity filter.
Relevant passages: pp. 6714–6718, gated spectra during controlled exercise.
Relevant passages: Glucose-administration time courses, sequential phosphorylase and synthase responses.
Relevant passages: Results and pp. 226–230, familial mutation and altered glucokinase function.
Relevant passages: Abstract and pp. 2489–2495, human/rat transporter expression and glucose utilization.
Relevant passages: pp. 190–195, designed catalytic sites and experimental improvement.
Relevant passages: pp. 5618–5622, sequential mutagenesis, screening and characterization in organic solvent.
Relevant passages: Abstract and protocol, hydrodynamic SEC calibration versus concentration-coupled light scattering.
Journal of Structural Biology 180, 519–530 (2012). doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2012.09.006
Nature Methods 14, 331–332 (2017). doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4193
Cell 161, 1101–1111 (2015). doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.04.043
Science 313, 1638–1642 (2006). doi.org/10.1126/science.1130258
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