Energy identity for free-surface disk waves 2026-10-14
For radial and vertical Lagrangian fluid displacements of a local axisymmetric mode, integrate the momentum equations and use incompressible flow plus the free-surface pressure condition of an incompressible disk. The result isFor nonnegative and positive , every nontrivial oscillatory mode has real nonnegative . The surface term is the gravitational restoring energy of the displaced vacuum interfaces.