Pseudo-arclength continuation ($F(z)=0,t_k^{\mathsf{T}}(z-z_k)-h=0$)

Pseudo-arclength continuation allows both the state and the parameter to change. Write $z=(u,\lambda )$ and choose a unit vector $t_k$ in the kernel of the full Jacobian matrix $DF(z_k)$. A continuation predictor-corrector step seeks the next solution on a hyperplane perpendicular to $t_k$, a distance $h>0$ along the old tangent vector. This adds one equation to $F(z)=0$ and makes the correction a square system. The constraint approximates arc length; $h$ is the displacement projected onto the old tangent vector, rather than the exact curved distance.^[ref]