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The dew point is the temperature at which air becomes saturated with moisture, causing water vapor to condense into liquid water (dew). It is an important indicator of humidity and can help determine how comfortable the air feels. When the air temperature drops to the dew point, the relative humidity reaches 100%, meaning the air can no longer hold all the moisture in vapor form. For example: - A higher dew point indicates more moisture in the air, suggesting a more humid environment.

The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) is a defined temperature scale used for calibrating thermometers and establishing temperature measurements in scientific and industrial applications. It was established by the Comité International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM) as the successor to earlier temperature scales, notably the IPTS-68 (International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968).

Thermoception is the sensory perception of temperature, allowing organisms to detect heat and cold. It involves specialized receptors in the skin and other tissues that respond to thermal stimuli. In humans and many animals, thermoreceptors can sense temperature changes and help regulate body temperature by triggering responses such as sweating or shivering. Thermoception plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and enabling organisms to adapt to their thermal environment.

Wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) is a composite temperature index that considers several environmental factors to assess heat stress and its potential impacts on humans. It incorporates measurements of air temperature, humidity, wind speed, and radiant heat, providing a more comprehensive indication of outdoor heat conditions than traditional temperature readings alone. The WBGT is commonly used in occupational health and safety, particularly in settings where workers may be exposed to high temperatures, such as in construction, agriculture, and military activities.

The Duhem-Margules equation is a thermodynamic relationship that describes the behavior of a binary solution in terms of its components’ chemical potentials and mole fractions. It is particularly important in physical chemistry and chemical engineering for understanding phase equilibria in mixtures.

Maxwell's relations are a set of equations in thermodynamics that arise from the equality of mixed second derivatives of thermodynamic potentials. They provide a connection between different thermodynamic properties and facilitate calculations involving changes in state variables. Maxwell's relations are derived from the fundamental thermodynamic potentials: the internal energy \( U \), the Helmholtz free energy \( F \), the Gibbs free energy \( G \), and the enthalpy \( H \).

The Debye–Hückel theory is a theoretical framework developed to describe the behavior of electrolyte solutions, particularly the interactions between ions in a solution. Formulated by Peter Debye and Erich Hückel in the early 20th century, the theory provides a way to account for the activities of ions in dilute solutions, which helps to understand how ions behave in the presence of each other.

Apparent molar properties refer to certain thermodynamic properties of a solution that can be associated with the individual components in that solution, adjusted to a standard unit (typically per mole of solute). These properties reflect how the presence of a solute affects the overall behavior of a solution compared to the pure solvent. The concept of apparent molar properties is useful in understanding solutions, especially when discussing colligative properties, activity coefficients, and interactions between solute and solvent molecules.

The Schottky anomaly refers to a specific behavior observed in the heat capacity of certain materials, particularly in ionic or non-metallic solids, at low temperatures. Named after physicist Walter H. Schottky, the phenomenon arises due to the presence of localized states or defects within the material's crystal structure. In these materials, as the temperature decreases, the heat capacity does not follow the expected behavior for standard Debye or Einstein models, which predict a decrease in heat capacity with decreasing temperature.

In thermodynamics, volume refers to the amount of space that a substance (solid, liquid, or gas) occupies. It is a fundamental property of matter and plays a crucial role in understanding various thermodynamic processes and laws. Volume can be measured in different units, depending on the system of measurement used. Common units include cubic meters (m³) in the SI system, liters (L), and milliliters (mL).

Henri Victor Regnault (1810–1878) was a prominent French chemist and physicist known for his significant contributions to the fields of thermodynamics and physical chemistry. He is best known for his work on the properties of gases and the development of the ideal gas law, as well as his studies on the behavior of steam in thermodynamic systems.

I – Shih Liu is a prominent figure in the field of mathematics, particularly known for contributions in areas such as graph theory, combinatorial optimization, and algorithm design. While specifics about Liu's work may vary, typically such mathematicians are recognized for publishing research papers, developing algorithms, or engaging in mathematical education.

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Negative Cirocoins for according to Wikipedia:

Ilya Prigogine (1917–2003) was a Belgian physical chemist and Nobel laureate best known for his work on Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics and complex systems. He made significant contributions to the understanding of thermodynamic processes far from equilibrium, introducing concepts such as dissipative structures, which are ordered structures that arise in systems that are not in equilibrium. Prigogine's work challenged traditional views of thermodynamics, which were primarily concerned with systems at equilibrium.

Thermodynamic databases for pure substances are comprehensive compilations of thermodynamic properties and data for individual chemical substances. These databases provide essential thermodynamic information that is critical for engineers, scientists, and researchers involved in various fields such as chemical engineering, materials science, thermodynamics, and environmental science. ### Key Features of Thermodynamic Databases: 1. **Properties Catalog**: - **Phase Behavior**: Information on phase changes, including phase diagrams, boiling points, melting points, and critical points.