TOI-2180 b is an exoplanet that was discovered using data from NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). It is classified as a hot Jupiter, which means it is a gas giant that orbits very close to its host star, resulting in high temperatures. TOI-2180 b is notable for being relatively large and having a mass that is approximately 3.4 times that of Jupiter.

Circumstellar disks are structures of gas, dust, and debris that orbit around a star, forming a disk-like shape. These disks are typically found in the early stages of star formation, known as protoplanetary disks, where material is accreting onto a forming star. Over time, these disks can evolve into debris disks, which are composed of remnants of material that did not coalesce into planets or other celestial bodies.

The "list of exoplanet firsts" refers to notable milestones and achievements in the discovery and study of exoplanets (planets located outside our solar system). Here are some significant firsts in the field: 1. **First Confirmed Exoplanet**: 51 Pegasi b (1995) - Discovered by Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz, this was the first exoplanet found orbiting a sun-like star.

Personal Information Managers (PIMs) are tools or applications designed to help individuals organize, manage, and retrieve personal information effectively. They typically offer a variety of features and functionalities, including but not limited to: 1. **Task Management**: Allow users to create, track, and prioritize tasks or to-do lists. 2. **Calendar Management**: Enable users to schedule appointments, manage events, and set reminders.

A commercial area refers to a specific zone or district primarily designated for commercial activities such as the sale of goods and services. These areas are typically characterized by a concentration of businesses, including retail stores, restaurants, offices, entertainment venues, and shopping centers. Commercial areas can be found in various formats, such as downtown districts, suburban shopping centers, and industrial parks. They play a crucial role in local economies by providing jobs, generating tax revenue, and serving as hubs for consumer activity.

Growth planning refers to the strategic process by which an organization outlines its goals for expansion and identifies the actions required to achieve those goals. It encompasses various aspects, including market analysis, resource allocation, and the development of new products or services. Here are some key components of growth planning: 1. **Goal Setting**: Establishing clear, specific, and measurable growth objectives, such as revenue targets, market share expansion, or geographic reach.

Integrated Resource Planning (IRP) is a comprehensive and strategic approach used primarily in the energy sector to ensure a balanced and efficient development of resources for meeting future energy demand. It aims to integrate various supply and demand-side resources to optimize the mix of energy services, minimize costs, and enhance environmental sustainability.

A school timetable is a structured schedule that outlines the daily and weekly allocation of classes, subjects, activities, and breaks for students and teachers within an educational institution. It serves several purposes, including: 1. **Organization**: It helps in organizing the school day by specifying when classes start and end, which subjects are taught, and how long each class lasts.

A Compact Toroidal Hybrid (CTH) is a type of experimental fusion device that combines elements of different magnetic confinement concepts to produce plasma for fusion research. The design aims to investigate plasma behavior and stability, as well as contribute to the development of controllable fusion energy. The term "compact" indicates that the device is designed to be smaller and potentially more efficient than traditional fusion reactors, like tokamaks or stellarators.

The MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC) is a research institution located at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) that focuses on plasma physics and nuclear fusion research. Established in 1978, the PSFC aims to advance understanding of plasma behavior and to develop fusion as a viable energy source.

Sasaki is a design firm based in the United States that specializes in architecture, urban design, and planning. Founded in 1953, the firm has a reputation for creating innovative and sustainable design solutions. Sasaki works across various project types, including educational institutions, civic spaces, commercial projects, and landscapes. The firm emphasizes a collaborative approach, often involving stakeholders in the design process to ensure that the final outcomes reflect the needs and desires of the community.

The Helically Symmetric Experiment (HSX) is a plasma physics experiment designed to study the confinement of plasma in a helical magnetic field configuration. This approach is being explored as a way to improve the behavior and stability of plasma for fusion energy research. Key features of the HSX include: 1. **Helical Magnetic Field**: Unlike traditional tokamaks that use a toroidal (doughnut-shaped) magnetic field, HSX utilizes a helical magnetic field.

The Plasma Acoustic Shield System (PASS) is a technology developed to reduce the impact of sound and noise pollution. Although specific technical details can vary depending on the application and the context in which it's used, the basic principle behind a plasma acoustic shield involves using plasma – ionized gas made up of particles that can conduct electricity – to manipulate sound waves. Here's a general overview of how such a system might work: 1. **Plasma Generation**: The system generates plasma using electrical energy.

Plastic additives are substances that are added to plastic materials to enhance or modify their properties. These additives can influence various characteristics of the plastic, such as its strength, flexibility, durability, thermal stability, color, and resistance to degradation. The purpose of using additives is to improve the performance of plastics for specific applications and to make them suitable for a wider range of uses.

Synthetic resins are a type of synthetic polymer that are used in a wide variety of applications due to their versatile properties. They are produced through chemical processes that involve the polymerization of monomers, which are small molecular units that link together to form long chains. These resins can be classified into several categories, including thermosetting resins and thermoplastic resins, each with distinct characteristics and applications.

Cartonplast refers to a brand of reusable, durable plastic pallets and containers designed primarily for the transport and storage of goods. The Cartonplast products are made from high-quality materials, typically polypropylene, and offer a sustainable alternative to traditional wooden pallets or cardboard boxes. These products are used in various industries such as food and beverage, agriculture, logistics, and manufacturing, providing benefits like improved hygiene, reduced waste, and enhanced shelf life for products.

Commodity plastics are a category of plastics that are produced in large quantities and are typically used for a wide range of everyday applications. These plastics are characterized by their relatively low cost, ease of processing, and general availability. They are often used to manufacture a variety of consumer products, packaging materials, automotive parts, household goods, and more.

Ionomers are a type of polymer that contain ionizable groups, which can be either cationic or anionic. These groups give the material unique properties that differ significantly from typical polymers. Here are some key points about ionomers: 1. **Structure**: Ionomers are typically derived from standard polymers, such as polyethylene or polypropylene, to which small amounts of ionic or ionizable groups are incorporated.

Modacrylic is a type of synthetic fiber that is a modified version of acrylic. It is made from a copolymer of acrylonitrile and other monomers, which enhances its properties compared to regular acrylic fibers.

Nylon is a synthetic polymer, specifically a type of polyamide, that was first developed in the 1930s by chemist Wallace Carothers and his team at DuPont. It is known for its strength, durability, elasticity, and resistance to abrasion and chemicals. These characteristics make nylon a popular choice for a wide range of applications, including: 1. **Textiles:** Nylon is commonly used in clothing, upholstery, and various accessories such as bags and backpacks.