Qualified immunity is a legal doctrine in the United States that protects government officials, including law enforcement officers, from being held personally liable for constitutional violations unless they violated a "clearly established" constitutional right. This means that even if a government official's actions are found to be unconstitutional, they may still be immune from liability in civil suits if the right in question was not clearly established at the time of their actions.

"Heroes who ventured to Hades" refers to various mythological figures from ancient Greek mythology who journeyed to the Underworld (Hades), often for specific quests or to retrieve someone. Some notable examples include: 1. **Orpheus**: A legendary musician and poet who descended into Hades to retrieve his wife, Eurydice. He charmed Hades and Persephone with his music, but was ultimately unsuccessful due to conditions placed on him during the return journey.

As of my last update in October 2023, "Quadrel" could refer to various contexts, including companies, products, or concepts, depending on the industry or focus area. However, without specific context, it's hard to pinpoint exactly what you're referring to. If "Quadrel" refers to a company, product name, or technology, it would be helpful to provide additional details or context for a more precise answer.

Tiresias is a figure from Greek mythology, often depicted as a blind prophet of Thebes. He is known for his ability to see the future and for having insights into the truths of human nature, despite his physical blindness. Tiresias appears in various works of ancient literature, including Sophocles' "Oedipus Rex" and "Antigone," as well as in Homer's "Odyssey.

Failure semantics is a concept often discussed in the context of computer science, particularly in concurrent systems, distributed systems, and database management. It refers to how a system handles errors or failures that can occur during its operation. The idea is to define the expected behavior of a system when it encounters various types of failures, including hardware failures, software bugs, network issues, and user errors.

Pascale Ehrenfreund is an accomplished astrophysicist and astrobiologist known for her work in the fields of planetary science and the study of life in the universe. She has served in various academic and administrative positions and has been involved in research related to astrobiology, organic compounds in space, and the potential for life on other planets.

Rem Khokhlov is a name that may refer to a person, but there is not widely available or notable information about an individual by that name as of my last knowledge update in October 2023.

Rhyme royal is a specific poetic form that consists of seven lines that typically follow a rhyme scheme of ABABBCC. The form is characterized by its iambic pentameter, meaning each line traditionally has five metrical feet, with each foot containing an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable.

In metrology, "realisation" refers to the process of implementing or establishing a measurement standard or a physical representation of a measurement unit. This involves creating a specific physical artifact or a system that embodies the definitions and properties of a measurement unit, allowing for accurate and consistent measurements. Realisation can involve various approaches, such as: 1. **Physical Standards**: Creating physical prototypes or artifacts (e.g., a kilogram weight) that embody the standard unit of measurement.

Regent's Harmonic Institution is a music school that specializes in various aspects of music education, including performance, composition, and music theory. It often emphasizes a holistic approach to music instruction, integrating classical training with contemporary practices. The institution may offer a range of programs, including degrees in music, workshops, and masterclasses.

Resampling in statistics refers to a collection of methods for repeatedly drawing samples from observed data or a statistical model. The main purpose of resampling techniques is to estimate the distribution of a statistic and to validate models or hypotheses when traditional parametric assumptions may not hold. Resampling is particularly useful in situations where the sample size is small or the underlying distribution is unknown.

In mathematics, particularly in the context of set theory and functions, a restriction refers to the process of limiting the domain or the codomain of a function or relation.

Richard Lewontin (1929-2021) was an influential American geneticist, evolutionary biologist, and statistician. He is best known for his work in population genetics and for his contributions to the understanding of evolutionary processes. Lewontin was a prominent advocate for the idea that genetics is only one of many factors that shape biological variation and evolution, emphasizing the roles of environment, development, and culture.

"Road to Nowhere: What Silicon Valley Gets Wrong About the Future of Transportation" is a book authored by Paris Marx, published in 2022. In the book, Marx critiques the prevailing narratives surrounding transportation technology, particularly in connection with Silicon Valley's influence on urban planning and infrastructure.

Robert Rosen (1934–2019) was a notable American biologist and theoretical biologist, recognized for his contributions to the fields of biology, philosophy of science, and the study of complex systems. He is best known for his work on the concept of "life" and the formulation of a theoretical framework for understanding living systems, which he termed "relational biology.

Robert Ulanowicz is an American theoretical biologist and biochemist known for his work in the fields of ecology, systems theory, and the philosophy of science. He is best known for developing the concept of "ascendency" in ecological systems, which pertains to the capacity of ecosystems to support complexity and stability. Ulanowicz's research often focuses on the interactions and dynamics within ecosystems, using concepts from information theory and thermodynamics to better understand ecological networks.

Robin Clark is a distinguished chemist known for his contributions to the field of chemistry, particularly in the area of materials science and spectroscopy. His research often focuses on developing new analytical techniques and understanding molecular interactions, which can have implications in various fields, including environmental science and nanotechnology.

Robin Selinger is a notable figure in the field of mathematics, particularly known for her work in combinatorial mathematics and graph theory. She has contributed to various mathematical problems and theories, including the study of graph properties and configurations. Additionally, Selinger may be recognized in academic circles for her teaching and mentorship roles.

Rongwei Fu is a notable figure in the field of artificial intelligence, specifically recognized for his work related to AI ethics and its societal implications.