Sodium (Na) has several isotopes, but the most notable ones are: 1. **Sodium-23 (Na-23)**: This is the only stable isotope of sodium and accounts for almost all naturally occurring sodium. It has 11 protons and 12 neutrons. 2. **Sodium-22 (Na-22)**: This is a radioactive isotope of sodium with a half-life of about 2.6 years.
Plutonium (Pu) has several isotopes, with the most notable being: 1. **Plutonium-238 (Pu-238)**: This isotope has a half-life of about 87.7 years and is used in radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) for powering spacecraft.
Polonium is a radioactive element with the symbol Po and atomic number 84. It has several isotopes, of which the most notable include: 1. **Polonium-210 (Po-210)**: This is the most well-known isotope of polonium. It has a half-life of about 138 days and is a potent alpha-emitter. Po-210 has been used in various research applications and has gained notoriety due to its use in poisoning cases.
Radium has several isotopes, the most notable of which are Radium-226 and Radium-228. Here's a brief overview of these isotopes: 1. **Radium-226**: - It is the most stable and common isotope of radium. - It has a half-life of about 1,600 years and decays primarily through alpha decay into radon-222.
Radon is a radioactive noble gas with the symbol Rn and atomic number 86. It has several isotopes, with the most notable being: 1. **Radon-222 (²²²Rn)**: The most stable and abundant isotope, with a half-life of about 3.8 days. It is produced naturally from the decay of uranium-238 and is significant in environmental studies due to its presence in soil and groundwater.
Roentgenium (Rg) is a synthetic element with the atomic number 111. It is highly unstable and radioactive, and as of my last update, only a few isotopes of roentgenium have been produced. The known isotopes of roentgenium include: 1. **Roentgenium-282 (Rg-282)**: This isotope has a half-life of approximately 2.1 milliseconds.
Ruthenium has several isotopes, with a total of 7 naturally occurring and synthetic isotopes known. Here are some of the notable isotopes of ruthenium: 1. **Ruthenium-96 (Ru-96)**: This is the most stable and abundant isotope, with a half-life of about 373.59 days. It primarily decays by beta decay.
Samarium (Sm) is a chemical element with the atomic number 62. It has several isotopes, with the most stable and common ones being: 1. **Samarium-144 (^144Sm)**: This isotope has a half-life of about journalists days and is one of the most stable isotopes of samarium.
Selenium has several isotopes, which are variations of the element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. The most stable and common isotopes of selenium are: 1. **Selenium-74 (Se-74)**: This isotope has 34 protons and 40 neutrons and is one of the most abundant isotopes of selenium.
Isotope analysis in archaeology is a scientific technique used to study the chemical signatures of materials, particularly human remains, animal bones, and artifacts, through the measurement of isotopic ratios. Isotopes are variants of elements that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, leading to differences in their atomic mass. The ratios of these isotopes can provide valuable information about past environments, diets, migration patterns, and social structures.
The isotopic resonance hypothesis is a concept in the field of chemistry and physics that relates to the behavior of isotopes of elements and the effects they have on chemical reactions, particularly in biochemical processes. While specific details may vary and definitions can differ among disciplines, the hypothesis generally suggests that isotopes can exhibit different resonance behaviors due to their nuclear properties, which can influence molecular interactions and reaction pathways.
An isotopologue is a type of molecule that differs from another molecule by having different isotopes of one or more of its constituent atoms. Isotopes are variants of the same chemical element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, which results in different atomic masses. For example, consider the molecule water (H₂O). The common isotopologue of water consists of two protium isotopes (¹H) and one oxygen isotope (¹⁶O).
Sulfur has several isotopes, which are variants of the sulfur atom that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. The most common isotopes of sulfur are: 1. **Sulfur-32 (²³²S)**: This is the most abundant isotope, accounting for about 95% of naturally occurring sulfur. It has 16 protons and 16 neutrons.
Technetium (Tc) is a chemical element with atomic number 43 and is notable for being the first artificially produced element. It has several isotopes, with the most significant ones being: 1. **Technetium-97 (Tc-97)**: This isotope has a half-life of about 4.2 million years and is one of the more stable isotopes. It is produced in trace amounts in nuclear reactors and is used in some medical applications.
Tellurium (Te) has several isotopes, both stable and radioactive. The most common isotopes of tellurium are: 1. **Stable Isotopes:** - **Te-120**: The most abundant stable isotope, constituting about 33% of natural tellurium. - **Te-122**: Another stable isotope, making up about 52% of natural tellurium.
Tennessine (Ts) is a synthetic element with the atomic number 117. As of now, there are no stable isotopes of tennessine, and all of its isotopes are radioactive. The isotopes of tennessine that have been identified include: 1. **Tennessine-294 (Ts-294)**: This is the most stable isotope of tennessine, with a half-life of approximately 78 milliseconds.
Thallium (Tl) has several isotopes, which are variants of the element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Naturally occurring thallium has two stable isotopes: 1. **Thallium-203 (Tl-203)**: - Number of protons: 81 - Number of neutrons: 122 - Natural abundance: About 29.5%.
Niccolò Guicciardini (1483–1544) was an Italian historian and political figure, best known for his work as a historian who chronicled the events of his time, particularly in the context of the Italian Wars and the political landscape of Renaissance Italy. He was a member of the prominent Guicciardini family and had a significant role in Florentine politics.
Pinned article: ourbigbook/introduction-to-the-ourbigbook-project
Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
Intro to OurBigBook
. Source. We have two killer features:
- topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculusArticles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
- a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
- a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
Figure 1. Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page. View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivativeVideo 2. OurBigBook Web topics demo. Source. - local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
- to OurBigBook.com to get awesome multi-user features like topics and likes
- as HTML files to a static website, which you can host yourself for free on many external providers like GitHub Pages, and remain in full control
Figure 2. You can publish local OurBigBook lightweight markup files to either OurBigBook.com or as a static website.
Figure 3. Visual Studio Code extension installation.
Figure 5. . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally. Video 3. Edit locally and publish demo. Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension. 
- Infinitely deep tables of contents:
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact