Experimentum crucis, which translates from Latin as "crucial experiment," refers to a critical experiment designed to determine the validity of a particular hypothesis or theory by testing it against competing alternatives. The concept is commonly associated with the philosophy of science and was notably discussed by the philosopher and scientist Karl Popper. In the context of scientific inquiry, an experimentum crucis serves as a decisive test that should yield results that favor one hypothesis over another.

The scientific method is a systematic approach used to investigate natural phenomena, gather knowledge, and test hypotheses. While variations exist, the following outline provides a general framework of the scientific method: 1. **Observation**: - Identify a phenomenon or problem of interest. - Gather information and observe the environment. 2. **Question**: - Formulate a clear and concise question based on the observations. - This question guides the direction of the investigation.

CONFER is a conference management software designed to facilitate the organization and management of academic and professional conferences. It typically offers features that help streamline various aspects of the conference process, including: 1. **Submission Management**: Allows authors to submit papers or abstracts, and helps organizers manage and review these submissions. 2. **Review Process**: Provides tools for assigning reviewers, collecting feedback, and managing the review workflow.

Community Memory is a concept that refers to the collective knowledge, experiences, and cultural heritage of a community, preserved and shared among its members. This can take various forms, including oral histories, written records, digital archives, and communal spaces where stories and information are freely exchanged. The idea is based on the belief that communities have a rich reservoir of memories and experiences that can inform and enrich the lives of current and future members.

ProQuest Dialog is a research platform that provides access to a wide array of scholarly content, including databases, journals, reports, and other types of academic literature. It is designed to facilitate advanced research across various disciplines by offering tools for information professionals, researchers, and organizations to retrieve, analyze, and manage information efficiently.

The 1920s marked an important period in the development of robotics, particularly in terms of conceptualizing machines that could perform tasks traditionally done by humans. While the field of robotics as we know it today was not fully developed, several significant contributions and ideas emerged during this decade: 1. **Early Automation Concepts**: The notion of automata—self-operating machines—was explored deeply, building on earlier inventions.

The year 1957 is significant in the history of robotics primarily because it marks the creation of the first industrial robot. This robot, known as Unimate, was developed by George Devol and later refined by him in collaboration with Robert D. Brooks. Unimate was designed for industrial tasks, specifically for use in a General Motors assembly line for handling hot metal parts and performing tasks that were dangerous or repetitive for human workers.

The year 1973 is significant in the history of robotics for several reasons, particularly for the development of robotics and artificial intelligence. Here are a few key points associated with that year: 1. **Shakey the Robot**: One of the most notable advancements in robotics around this time was the continued development of Shakey, an early mobile robot created by the Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International).

The year 1990 was significant in the field of robotics for several reasons: 1. **Advancements in Research**: The late 1980s and early 1990s were crucial years for robotics research, particularly in the areas of artificial intelligence and machine learning. Researchers began to develop more sophisticated algorithms and integrate them into robotic systems. 2. **Industrial Robotics**: By 1990, industrial robots were widely adopted in manufacturing, particularly in the automotive sector.

The year 1993 was significant in the field of robotics for several reasons, including advancements in research, industrial applications, and educational initiatives. Here are a few key developments and events from that year: 1. **Development of Autonomous Robots**: Research into autonomous robots was making notable progress in the early 1990s. In 1993, projects focusing on mobile robots, particularly those that could navigate and make decisions in dynamic environments, garnered significant attention.

The year 2011 was significant in the field of robotics for several reasons, encompassing various advancements, events, and trends. Here are some notable highlights from that year: 1. **Robotic Competitions**: Many competitions took place in 2011, including the FIRST Robotics Competition and the RoboCup, which inspire innovation and engagement in robotics among students and professionals alike.

The year 2016 was significant for robotics for several reasons, encompassing advancements in technology, key events, and breakthroughs in research. Here are some notable highlights: 1. **Advancements in AI and Machine Learning**: 2016 saw significant advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, which directly impacted robotics. The integration of AI in robotics enabled more sophisticated algorithms for perception, decision-making, and autonomy in robots.

In the context of robotics, "2020" could refer to various developments, events, or notable trends from that year. Here are some key highlights related to robotics in 2020: 1. **COVID-19 Pandemic**: The outbreak of COVID-19 led to increased interest in robotics for contactless solutions, disinfection, and automation. Robots were deployed for cleaning public spaces, delivering goods, and even assisting in hospitals.

OS/2 is an operating system that was originally developed by IBM in the late 1980s in collaboration with Microsoft. It was designed to be a powerful and versatile platform for personal computers, particularly for business use. Here are some key points about OS/2: 1. **Development and Versions**: OS/2 was first released in 1987, and it went through several versions, including OS/2 1.x, OS/2 2.

EComStation is an operating system that is based on IBM's OS/2, developed by Serenity Systems International and later by other groups. It aims to provide a modernized platform for users who appreciate the unique features of OS/2, while also offering support for newer hardware and software. EComStation includes a graphical user interface, support for multitasking, and compatibility with various applications that were originally designed for OS/2.

The Information Presentation Facility (IPF) is a specified set of guidelines or standards designed to facilitate the consistent and effective presentation of information. While the term can be used in various contexts, it often relates to systems or environments where data and information need to be displayed in a clear, user-friendly manner. In general, the concept involves: 1. **Structure**: Organizing information in a logical order to enhance understanding and accessibility.

Team OS/2 is an online community and user group that focuses on supporting and promoting the OS/2 operating system, which was originally developed by IBM in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Despite being largely phased out in favor of other operating systems, OS/2 has retained a dedicated following of enthusiasts and developers.

Deep Blue was a chess-playing computer developed by IBM that gained fame for its matches against world chess champion Garry Kasparov in the 1990s. Originally known as Deep Thought, the project evolved into Deep Blue, which became the first computer system to defeat a reigning world champion in a match under standard chess tournament conditions. The most notable event occurred in May 1997 when Deep Blue played a six-game match against Kasparov.

In the context of chess, "Hydra" refers to a highly advanced computer chess program developed by a team led by the German programmer Johannes Ziegler. Hydra is known for its strong performance and innovative algorithms, which allow it to analyze a vast number of positions quickly and make sophisticated decisions in gameplay. One of Hydra's notable achievements came during the early 2000s, when it competed in various high-level human-computer matches and demonstrated its strength by defeating several top human players.

ILLIAC IV was an early supercomputer developed in the 1960s and 1970s at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. It was part of the ILLIAC series of computers, which were named after the state of Illinois.