A photon sphere is a theoretical area in the vicinity of a black hole or another massive object where gravity is strong enough that photons (light particles) can orbit the object in unstable circular paths. This occurs at a specific radius, known as the photon sphere radius, which is typically located at 1.5 times the Schwarzschild radius of a non-rotating black hole.

Charlotte Awbery is a British singer and songwriter who gained significant attention in early 2020 after a video of her singing in a London Underground station went viral. She performed a powerful rendition of "Shallow," a duet originally popularized by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper from the film "A Star Is Born." The video captured the attention of many, leading to her gaining a large following on social media and opportunities in the music industry.

The Maximum Cut (Max Cut) problem is a well-known problem in combinatorial optimization and graph theory. It involves a given undirected graph, where the goal is to partition the set of vertices into two disjoint subsets in such a way that the number of edges between the two subsets is maximized.

Intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) are a class of black holes that are thought to have masses ranging from about \(100\) to \(100,000\) times the mass of our Sun (or \(10^2\) to \(10^5\) solar masses).

Scientific computing researchers are professionals who specialize in developing and applying computational methods and algorithms to solve complex scientific and engineering problems. This interdisciplinary field combines techniques from mathematics, computer science, and specific domain knowledge to create models, simulations, and analyses that can provide insights into physical, biological, or social systems. Key areas of focus for scientific computing researchers include: 1. **Numerical Methods**: Developing algorithms for numerical approximations of mathematical problems, including differential equations, optimization, and linear algebra.

Computational audiology is an interdisciplinary field that applies computational methods and techniques to understand, model, and improve hearing and auditory processes. This area of study combines principles from audiology, engineering, computer science, signal processing, and data science to analyze auditory data and develop innovative solutions for hearing impairments and related disorders.

Computational engineering is an interdisciplinary field that applies computational methods, algorithms, and models to solve complex engineering problems. It combines principles from engineering, computer science, and applied mathematics to simulate, analyze, and optimize systems and processes in various engineering disciplines. Key aspects of computational engineering include: 1. **Modeling and Simulation**: Developing mathematical models to represent physical systems, which are then simulated using computational tools. This allows engineers to predict behavior under various conditions without the need for physical prototypes.

The 21st century has seen many Italian physicists make significant contributions across various fields of physics, including theoretical physics, experimental physics, and applied physics. Here are a few notable Italian physicists active in the 21st century: 1. **Giorgio Parisi**: Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2021, Parisi is known for his work on disordered systems and complex systems, particularly in statistical mechanics and mathematical physics.

Nai-Chang Yeh is a prominent physicist known for his research in condensed matter physics, particularly in the fields of quantum mechanics and materials science. He has made significant contributions in areas such as topological insulators, superconductors, and nanostructures. His work often involves the application of theoretical techniques to explore the behavior of various physical systems at the quantum level.

The 2G spectrum case refers to a significant corruption scandal in India surrounding the allocation of 2G mobile telecom spectrum licenses in the mid-2000s. The controversy primarily revolved around the sale of spectrum to telecom operators, which was alleged to have been conducted in a fraudulent and non-transparent manner, leading to massive losses for the government.

Enthought is a software company known for its focus on scientific computing, data analysis, and visualization. Founded in 2001, Enthought provides tools, libraries, and services primarily aimed at researchers, scientists, and engineers. One of its most notable offerings is the Enthought Python Distribution (EPD), which includes a comprehensive collection of Python libraries for scientific computing and data analysis, such as NumPy, SciPy, and Matplotlib.

NanoLanguage is a programming language designed for simplicity and ease of use, often aimed at beginners or educational contexts. It typically features a simplified syntax and a limited set of commands, making it accessible for those who are new to programming. However, it is worth noting that "NanoLanguage" can also refer to different specific implementations or contexts within software development or computational environments. Without additional context, it's difficult to pinpoint a specific definition or implementation.

Roger Peng is a statistician and data scientist known for his work in the field of data analysis, particularly related to environmental data and statistical computing. He is a professor at Johns Hopkins University in the Department of Statistics and the Whiting School of Engineering's Data Science program. In addition to his academic work, Roger Peng is also recognized for his contributions to the data science community through his online presence.

Polynomial long division is a method used to divide one polynomial by another polynomial, similar to the long division process used with numbers. It involves a systematic way of dividing polynomials, which results in a quotient and, in some cases, a remainder.

Pseudorationalism is not a widely recognized or standardized term in academic literature, but it can generally refer to a belief or argument that appears to be rational or logical, yet is based on flawed reasoning, biases, or unfounded assumptions. This concept can manifest in various contexts, such as pseudoscience, pseudophilosophy, or in certain types of debate, where individuals may employ logical-sounding arguments that do not hold up under scrutiny.

Scientism is the belief or viewpoint that scientific knowledge is the most authoritative and valid form of knowledge, and that it should be applied to all areas of inquiry, including those traditionally considered to be outside the realm of science, such as ethics, philosophy, and the arts. Proponents of scientism assert that empirical evidence obtained through the scientific method is the most reliable way to understand the world and to make decisions.

"Conquest of Abundance" is a term that has been used in various contexts, often referring to the pursuit of wealth, prosperity, or a plentiful lifestyle through various means. However, without specific context, it could pertain to different fields such as economics, literature, or even philosophy. In an economic or philosophical context, it might refer to the idea of harnessing resources to create abundance in society, focusing on sustainable practices, equitable distribution of resources, and the promotion of well-being.

Criticism of technology refers to the analysis and evaluation of the impacts that technological advancements have on society, individuals, and the environment. This criticism can take various forms, and it often encompasses a broad range of concerns. Here are some common themes in the criticism of technology: 1. **Social Impact**: Critics argue that technology can lead to social isolation, reduced face-to-face interactions, and a decline in community engagement.

Viktor Schauberger (1885–1958) was an Austrian visionary, inventor, and naturalist, known primarily for his unconventional ideas about water and nature. He had a deep understanding of natural systems and esoteric concepts, which led him to develop innovative theories and devices related to hydrodynamics and energy systems. Schauberger's work emphasized the importance of water's natural movement and its role in the ecosystem.