Chinese nuclear weapons testing refers to the series of underground and atmospheric tests conducted by the People's Republic of China (PRC) starting in the 20th century to develop and evaluate its nuclear arsenal. The testing is a critical component of China's nuclear policy and strategy, which is influenced by its military objectives, national security concerns, and international relations.

Alexander Perepilichny was a Russian businessman who gained notoriety after his sudden death in 2012 in the UK. He had been living in exile and was reportedly involved in whistleblowing regarding financial crimes linked to Russian organized crime and corruption. His death, which occurred shortly after he had provided information to British investigators, raised suspicions and led to various theories, including that it may have been caused by poisoning.

Gennady S. Bisnovatyi-Kogan is a prominent Russian astrophysicist known for his contributions to various areas of astrophysics and theoretical physics. His work has primarily focused on topics such as the structure and evolution of stars, accretion processes in astrophysical objects, and the properties of neutron stars and black holes. He has made significant contributions to our understanding of cosmic phenomena, including the behavior of matter under extreme conditions.

Natan Sharansky is a notable Israeli politician, human rights activist, and former Soviet dissident. Born on January 20, 1948, in Donetsk, Ukraine, Sharansky became prominent in the 1970s as a vocal advocate for the rights of Soviet Jews to emigrate to Israel. He was arrested in 1977 and sentenced to 13 years in prison for his political activities, including his efforts to promote Jewish emigration and his criticism of the Soviet government.

Sergei B. Chernyshev could refer to a specific individual in various fields, but as of my last knowledge update in October 2021, there isn't a widely recognized figure by that name in major academic, artistic, or public spheres.

Sergei V. Bulanov is a name that could refer to an individual who may be involved in various fields such as science, academia, or other professions. However, without more specific context, it's difficult to provide precise information. There could be multiple people with that name, and details about each would vary significantly.

The Infrastructure Transitions Research Consortium (ITRC) is an interdisciplinary research initiative that focuses on the long-term development of infrastructure systems. It aims to understand and improve the planning, design, and operation of infrastructure—such as energy, transport, water, and waste systems—by studying how these systems can transition towards more sustainable and resilient states.

The Software Sustainability Institute (SSI) is an organization that aims to promote and support the sustainable development of research software. Established in the UK, it focuses on improving the usability, reproducibility, and longevity of software used in research. The institute works with researchers, institutions, and funding bodies to address the challenges associated with research software, including issues of maintenance, funding, best practices, and community engagement.

Physics World is a magazine and online publication aimed at providing news, features, and commentary on various topics in the field of physics. It is published by the Institute of Physics (IOP), a professional organization based in the UK that promotes the advancement and dissemination of physics research and education. The magazine covers a wide range of topics, including developments in fundamental research, applied physics, engineering, astronomy, and other related fields.

Gerald Friedland is a name that may refer to multiple individuals. However, one prominent figure by that name is a researcher and academic known for his contributions to the fields of computer science, particularly in areas related to artificial intelligence, machine learning, and data mining.

Ken Caldeira is a prominent climate scientist known for his research in climate change, particularly regarding the impacts of greenhouse gases and the potential consequences of geoengineering. He has contributed significantly to the understanding of carbon cycle processes and the effects of climate change on ecosystems. Caldeira has worked at institutions such as the Carnegie Institution for Science and has been involved in discussions around climate policy. He is also known for his advocacy of science communication related to climate issues.

Ylem is a term used historically in cosmology and physics to describe a primordial substance or matter from which the universe was created. The term originates from the ancient Greek word "hylē," meaning "matter" or "stuff." In modern contexts, ylem was particularly popularized in the mid-20th century when discussing theories of the early universe and the Big Bang.

The Energy Catalyzer, commonly referred to as the E-Cat, is a controversial device developed by Italian inventor Andrea Rossi. It is claimed to produce excess heat through a process referred to as "cold fusion" or low-energy nuclear reactions (LENR). Rossi's assertions suggest that the E-Cat can generate more energy than it consumes, theoretically providing a source of clean and abundant energy.

A helical engine is a type of engine design characterized by its use of helical (or spiral) shaped components that work together to convert energy into mechanical power. While the specifics can vary significantly depending on the context, helical engines typically refer to designs that seek efficiency in converting energy sources (such as thermal energy from fuel combustion or electromagnetic energy) into propulsion or mechanical work.

A water-fuelled car typically refers to a vehicle that utilizes water as a primary source of fuel, often in the context of a concept or technology involving water and hydrogen. The most common interpretation involves a process called electrolysis, which splits water (H₂O) into hydrogen and oxygen gases. The hydrogen produced can then be used as fuel for combustion in an engine or as a fuel cell.

The Atacama B-Mode Search (ABS) is an astrophysical research project focused on measuring the B-mode polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation. B-mode polarization is a specific type of polarization pattern in the CMB that can provide insights into the early universe, particularly regarding inflation, which is the rapid expansion of the universe that is theorized to have occurred just after the Big Bang.

The Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) was a satellite launched by NASA on November 18, 1989, and designed to study the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) of the universe. The primary goals of COBE were to measure the CMBR's temperature and to explore the structure and anisotropies (small variations in temperature) within it.

The Qubic experiment (short for "QUBIC: Q & U B-mode Imaging Experiment") is a scientific project designed to investigate the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. Specifically, it focuses on detecting and characterizing the polarization of the CMB, particularly the B-mode polarization, which is a potential signature of gravitational waves from the early universe, such as those produced during cosmic inflation.

The Geophysical Institute is typically an academic or research institution focused on the study of various geophysical phenomena, which may include areas such as geology, meteorology, oceanography, and seismology. These institutes are often affiliated with universities and conduct research, provide education, and develop technologies related to Earth sciences.

The Decennial Mineral Exploration Conferences are events that typically occur every ten years, focusing on the latest advancements, research, techniques, and practices in mineral exploration and mining. These conferences bring together geologists, geophysicists, mining engineers, environmental scientists, and industry professionals to share knowledge, discuss trends, and explore innovations in the field of mineral exploration. Usually, these conferences involve presentations, panel discussions, workshops, and networking opportunities.