The Wiedemann effect refers to the phenomenon where a magnetic field influences the thermal conductivity of a material. Specifically, it describes the observation that the thermal conductivity of a metal can change in the presence of a magnetic field, affecting how heat is conducted through the material. This effect is particularly relevant in the study of superconductors and metals with significant electron interactions, where the interplay between thermal and electrical properties can be profoundly influenced by external magnetic fields.

In physics, plasticity refers to the property of materials that allows them to undergo irreversible deformation when subjected to an external force or stress. This means that once the force is removed, the material does not return to its original shape or size but retains the new shape. Plasticity is a key concept in materials science and engineering, as it is critical for understanding how materials behave under various loading conditions.

Artificial cranial deformation (ACD) refers to the practice of intentionally shaping the skulls of humans through various methods, often starting in infancy. This cultural practice has been observed in various societies around the world throughout history, including among certain Indigenous peoples in North America, South America, Africa, and parts of Asia and Europe. The shaping process typically involves the application of pressure to the skull using various tools, bindings, or methods that hold the head in a specific position.

In the context of structural geology, "rock analogs" refer to the use of physical models made from materials that behave similarly to rocks under stress to study geological processes and structures. These analog models can help geologists understand the complex behaviors of rocks in various conditions without the need for direct experimentation on actual geological material. Here are some key aspects and applications of rock analogs in structural geology: 1. **Material Selection**: Analog materials are chosen based on their mechanical properties.

Strain in mechanics refers to the deformation of a material due to applied stress. When a force is applied to a material, it causes the material to change shape or size, and strain quantifies this change relative to the original dimensions of the material.

The Cohesive Zone Model (CZM) is a numerical technique used in computational mechanics to simulate the initiation and propagation of cracks in materials. It is particularly useful in analyzing fracture mechanics and understanding material behavior under stress. The CZM represents the process of crack formation and growth by introducing a cohesive zone between the crack surfaces, where the material can still carry loads to some extent despite being cracked.

In engineering, a "notch" refers to a specific type of indentation, groove, or cut in a material, typically created to alter the material's structural properties, aesthetics, or to facilitate fitting and assembly. Notches can be found in various contexts, such as in mechanical components, structural elements, and materials testing. **Key characteristics and functions of notches include:** 1.

Slow Strain Rate Testing (SSRT) is a laboratory testing method used to evaluate the susceptibility of materials, especially metals, to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). This testing technique is designed to replicate conditions that can lead to SCC in service environments, allowing researchers and engineers to assess how materials perform under slow strain rates, which are typical of many industrial applications.

Toughening typically refers to a process or technique used to enhance the toughness of materials, allowing them to absorb more energy and resist fracture or failure. This can be applied in different contexts, such as in materials science, engineering, and even in biological systems. ### In Materials Science: 1. **Metals and Alloys**: Toughening processes may involve altering the microstructure of metals or alloys through heat treatment, alloying, or mechanical work to improve their toughness.

Agents of deterioration refer to the various factors and conditions that can cause the degradation, damage, or decline of objects, materials, or collections, particularly in the context of cultural heritage, libraries, museums, and archival storage. Understanding these agents is essential for the preservation of artifacts, documents, and other items of historical and cultural significance.

Conchoidal fracture is a type of breakage that occurs in certain materials, most notably in glass, quartz, and some other minerals. It is characterized by smooth, curved surfaces that resemble the shape of a shell or the curves of a conch. This type of fracture does not follow any predetermined planes of weakness (such as cleavage or grain boundaries) and instead propagates in a way that creates sharp, glassy edges.

Pitting corrosion is a localized form of corrosion that leads to the creation of small, deep pits or cavities on the surface of a material, typically metals. This type of corrosion is particularly dangerous because it can cause significant material loss while often remaining visually undetectable until substantial damage has occurred. Key characteristics of pitting corrosion include: 1. **Localized Nature**: Unlike general corrosion, which affects the entire surface uniformly, pitting corrosion is localized, leading to small areas of intense damage.

Rheology awards recognize outstanding contributions and achievements in the field of rheology, which is the study of the flow and deformation of materials. These awards are often presented by professional organizations, societies, or institutions dedicated to the advancement of rheological science. The awards can honor various aspects of rheology, including significant research publications, innovative experimental techniques, or impactful applications in industry.

The Perkin Medal is a prestigious award presented annually by the Society of Chemical Industry (SCI) in the United States. It is named after the British chemist William Henry Perkin, who is best known for his discovery of the first synthetic dye, mauveine, in 1856. The medal is awarded to individuals for outstanding contributions to applied chemistry that have had a significant impact on the field and the wider community.

Experimental mechanics is a branch of mechanics that focuses on the testing, measurement, and analysis of physical phenomena to understand material behavior and structural performance under various conditions. It involves the use of experimental techniques to collect data on how materials and structures respond to forces, loads, displacements, and environmental factors.

The Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers is a scientific journal that focuses on research related to bioactive polymers and materials that interact compatibly with biological systems. The journal typically publishes original research articles, reviews, and communications on topics such as the synthesis, characterization, and application of bioactive polymers in fields like biomedical engineering, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and medical devices.

The Journal of Colloid and Interface Science is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes research articles, reviews, and comments focused on the fields of colloid and interface science. This discipline encompasses the study of materials that exist in colloidal form and the interactions at the interfaces between different phases, such as solid-liquid, liquid-gas, and solid-gas interfaces.

Tensile testing, also known as tensile strength testing, is a fundamental mechanical test used to measure the properties of materials under uniaxial tensile (pulling) stress. The primary objective of tensile testing is to determine how a material will behave when subjected to tension, which is critical for understanding its strength, ductility, and overall mechanical performance.

Materials Today is a scientific journal and online platform that focuses on the field of materials science. It publishes research articles, reviews, and news related to new materials and advancements in materials research and engineering. The platform covers a wide range of topics, including nanomaterials, biomaterials, composites, metals, ceramics, and polymers, among others. Materials Today is known for its high-quality content and serves as a resource for researchers, industry professionals, and academics.

"Thin Solid Films" is a well-known scientific journal that focuses on research related to the preparation, characterization, and applications of thin films. Thin films refer to layers of material that range from fractions of a nanometer to several micrometers in thickness. These films can be made from a variety of materials, including metals, semiconductors, and insulators, and they are widely used in various fields such as electronics, optics, coatings, and nanotechnology.