The term "Czech astronomers" generally refers to astronomers from the Czech Republic, which has a rich history in the field of astronomy. The country has produced many notable astronomers and has institutions dedicated to astronomical research and education. One of the most famous historical figures is Johannes Kepler, a key figure in the scientific revolution known for his laws of planetary motion. In modern times, Czech astronomers have contributed to various fields, including observational astronomy, astrophysics, and cosmology.

Czechoslovak astronomers refer to individuals involved in the field of astronomy from Czechoslovakia, a former Central European country that existed from 1918 until 1992 when it split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The country has a rich history in astronomy, with several notable astronomers and institutions contributing to the field.

Greek astronomers were early thinkers and scientists from ancient Greece who made significant contributions to the field of astronomy. Their work laid the foundation for the field and influenced later generations of astronomers in both the Western and Islamic worlds. Some of the most notable Greek astronomers include: 1. **Thales of Miletus (c.

Hungarian astronomers refer to astronomers from Hungary or those who have made significant contributions to the field of astronomy while being associated with Hungarian institutions or heritage. Hungary has a rich history in the sciences, including astronomy, and has produced several notable astronomers and contributions to the field. One of the most famous Hungarian astronomers is Miklós Konkoly-Thege, who played a significant role in the development of astrophysics in Hungary in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Jamaican astronomers refer to individuals from Jamaica who study astronomy, the scientific field that deals with celestial objects, space, and the physical universe as a whole. While Jamaica may not have a large number of internationally recognized astronomers compared to some other countries, there are notable contributions and initiatives in the field of astronomy from Jamaican scientists, educators, and institutions. One notable organization is the Jamaica Astronomy Club, which promotes the study and appreciation of astronomy among the public and engages in various outreach activities.

Lithuanian astronomers refer to individuals from Lithuania or those who conduct astronomy research and studies in Lithuania. The country has a rich history in the field of astronomy, particularly during the time of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and in modern times as well. One notable figure in Lithuanian astronomy is the 16th-century scientist and astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, who, while originally from Poland, had connections to the region.

Grazing lunar occultation occurs when a star passes very close to the edge of the Moon as observed from Earth. In this phenomenon, the star appears to disappear and then reappear as it is obscured by the lunar terrain. Because the Moon's surface is uneven, with craters, mountains, and valleys, different observers may see the star occulted for varying lengths of time or may even see it disappear and reappear at different moments based on their specific locations.

A "great comet" refers to a type of comet that is exceptionally bright and visible to the naked eye, often appearing prominently in the night sky. These comets typically have large nuclei and long tails, and they can be observed for extended periods of time, sometimes several weeks to months. Great comets usually become noticeable from Earth when they approach the Sun and undergo significant changes due to the heat, which causes the comet's ices to sublimate and produce a glowing coma and tail.

H-alpha is a specific wavelength of light that is emitted by hydrogen atoms when their electrons transition from the third energy level to the second energy level. This transition produces light at a wavelength of 656.28 nanometers, which falls within the red part of the visible spectrum.

The Annie J. Cannon Award in Astronomy is given annually to a female astronomer who has made significant contributions to the field. Established in 1934 by the American Astronomical Society (AAS), the award is named in honor of Annie Jump Cannon, a pioneering astronomer known for her work on stellar classification and her role in promoting women in astronomy. The recipients of the award are recognized for their outstanding work and their potential for future contributions to the field.

The Lalande Prize is an award given for outstanding contributions to astronomy. Established in 1802, it honors individuals for their work in the field. The prize has been awarded to various renowned astronomers and researchers throughout its history.

The Center for Computational Relativity and Gravitation (CCRG) is a research center focused on the computational aspects of general relativity and gravitation. It is typically associated with institutions that emphasize the development of numerical methods and simulations to solve complex problems in gravitational physics, such as black hole mergers, neutron star interactions, and other phenomena in strong gravitational fields. CCRG researchers often use advanced computational techniques to study the dynamics of astrophysical systems governed by Einstein's equations.

The Center for Gravitational Wave Astronomy (CGWA) is a research institution typically focused on the study and detection of gravitational waves, which are ripples in spacetime created by some of the most violent and energetic processes in the universe, such as the merging of black holes or neutron stars. The CGWA often engages in various activities, including: 1. **Research**: Conducting theoretical and experimental research in gravitational wave astronomy, including the analysis of data from gravitational wave observatories.

The Beatrice M. Tinsley Prize is an award given by the American Astronomical Society (AAS) to recognize outstanding contributions to the field of astronomy and astrophysics, particularly in relation to gender equity. It was named in honor of Beatrice M. Tinsley, a renowned astronomer who made significant contributions to cosmology and was a strong advocate for women in science.

Astromundus is an international master's program in astrophysics offered by a consortium of universities and institutions across Europe. The program typically includes a mix of theoretical study and practical research, focusing on various aspects of astrophysics, cosmology, and related fields. It aims to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the universe, from the smallest particles to the largest cosmic structures.

The National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics (Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, or INAOE) is a research institution located in Puebla, Mexico. It focuses on various fields such as astrophysics, optics, and electronics, with the aim of advancing knowledge and technology in these areas. Established in the mid-1970s, INAOE plays a significant role in scientific research, education, and technological development.

Chivela Pass, or "Paso Chivela," is a mountain pass located in the Sierra Madre del Sur region of southern Mexico, primarily in the state of Oaxaca. It connects the coastal city of Puerto Escondido on the Pacific coast to the interior region of the country. The pass is notable for its scenic views, challenging driving conditions, and its role as a transportation route between coastal and inland areas.

The Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) is a global network of ground-based observational sites that measure atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, specifically focusing on carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). TCCON utilizes high-resolution Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTS) technology to provide precise measurements of the total column of these gases in the atmosphere.

Air stagnation refers to a condition in the atmosphere where there is little to no movement of air, leading to a buildup of pollutants, moisture, and other particulates in a localized area. This phenomenon can occur due to high-pressure systems that trap air in a region, preventing it from mixing with other air masses.