Axel Johannes Malmquist (1888–1972) was a Swedish astronomer known for his work in astrophysics and optics. He is particularly recognized for the Malmquist bias, a statistical effect in astronomy that can affect the analysis of the distance and brightness of stars in surveys. This bias occurs because more luminous stars are more easily detected at greater distances, which can skew interpretations of star populations and their properties.

Ludvig Oppermann is not widely recognized in popular culture or history up to my knowledge cutoff in October 2023. It's possible that he could be an emerging figure in a specific field, such as arts, sciences, or sports, or perhaps related to a local context or a niche topic that hasn’t gained widespread attention.

A **consistent estimator** is a type of estimator in statistics that converges in probability to the true value of the parameter being estimated as the sample size increases.

As of my last knowledge update in October 2021, there is limited information regarding a person named Henrik Petrini. It's possible that he may not be a widely recognized public figure, or my dataset may not contain detailed information about him.

Jakob Hermann (also known as Jakob Hermann von Hermann) was a notable 18th-century German mathematician and astronomer, recognized for his contributions to various fields, including mathematics and the early development of modern concepts in these disciplines.

"Slovak physicists" likely refers to physicists from Slovakia or those who work in the field of physics while being associated with Slovak institutions or nationality. Slovakia has a number of notable physicists and a rich history in the field of science, contributing to various areas such as theoretical physics, applied physics, and experimental physics.

Neža Mramor-Kosta is a notable figure, most likely known for her work or contributions in a specific field. However, as of my last update in October 2023, there is limited publicly available information about her. It's possible that she is a professional in areas such as academia, science, art, or another field that has reached a level of recognition.

Niels Erik Nørlund (1881-1961) was a notable Danish mathematician recognized for his contributions to the fields of analysis and mathematical logic. He is particularly known for his work on functional analysis and for the Nørlund sums, which are a type of sequence summation method. Nørlund also contributed to the development of other mathematical concepts and theories.

Rutger von Langerfeld does not appear to be a widely recognized figure in any prominent field based on the information available up to October 2023. It's possible that he could be a private individual, a character in a story, or a lesser-known personality not covered in major news or cultural content. If he is a recent public figure or if this is a reference to a niche topic, I would not have that information.

Samuel Klingenstierna was a Swedish botanist and naturalist, known for his contributions to the study of plants in the 18th century. He is particularly noted for his efforts in botany and for his work in classifying and documenting various plant species. Klingenstierna was also involved in the establishment of several botanical gardens and institutions that helped advance the field of botany in Sweden and beyond.

Sava Grozdev is not widely recognized in public domain knowledge. It’s possible that he could be a private individual or a less well-known figure not covered in mainstream databases or sources.

Stephen B. Kelleher may refer to a specific individual, but without additional context, it's difficult to determine exactly who you are referring to. There could be multiple individuals with that name, each potentially involved in different fields, such as business, academia, or public service.

Sándor Csörgő is a prominent Hungarian artist known for his innovative work in the field of contemporary art, particularly in the realm of kinetic art and interactive installations. His works often explore concepts related to time, motion, and perception, engaging viewers in unique ways. Csörgő combines elements of science, mathematics, and artistic expression, utilizing mechanisms and materials that challenge traditional notions of art. His contributions have been recognized in various exhibitions and art venues, showcasing the intersection of art and technology.

Willem van Zwet is a prominent Dutch mathematician known for his contributions to statistics and probability theory. He has worked extensively on topics such as limit theorems, statistical inference, and time series analysis. Van Zwet has also published various papers and co-authored books in the field of statistics.

Yom Tov Lipman Lipkin (1820-1893) was a prominent Jewish scholar, writer, and educator in the 19th century. He is best known for his contributions to Hebrew literature, particularly in the fields of Jewish education and philosophy. Lipkin was an advocate for modern Jewish thought and sought to reconcile traditional Jewish teachings with contemporary ideas and societal changes.

The term "Albanian physicists" refers to individuals from Albania who are involved in the field of physics. This can include researchers, educators, and professionals who contribute to various branches of physics, such as theoretical physics, experimental physics, astrophysics, and more. Albanian physicists may work in academic institutions, research laboratories, or industry, both within Albania and internationally. Notable contributions may include research publications, advancements in scientific knowledge, and participation in global scientific collaborations.

Armenian physicists refer to scientists from Armenia or individuals of Armenian descent who have made significant contributions to the field of physics. Armenia has a rich scientific history, and many Armenian physicists have worked in various subfields, including theoretical physics, condensed matter physics, nuclear physics, and more. Notable Armenian physicists include: 1. **Victor Ambartsumian** - A prominent astrophysicist and one of the founders of the theoretical astrophysics school in the Soviet Union.

The term "Czech physicists" generally refers to physicists from the Czech Republic or those who are of Czech nationality. The Czech Republic has a rich history in the field of physics, contributing to various areas such as theoretical physics, condensed matter physics, and quantum mechanics. Notable Czech physicists include: 1. **Albert Einstein** - Although born in Germany, Einstein had significant connections to Prague through his work and personal life.

Cultural group selection is a theoretical framework that posits that cultural traits or practices can influence the survival and success of groups, much like genetic traits influence the survival of individuals within those groups. It suggests that groups with certain cultural characteristics may be more successful in competing against other groups for resources, mates, and territory, leading to the prevalence of those cultural traits over time. This concept can be seen as an extension of traditional natural selection, emphasizing the interplay of both genetic and cultural evolution.

An Evolutionarily Stable Set (ESS) is a concept from evolutionary game theory that describes a strategy or set of strategies that, if adopted by a population, cannot be invaded or displaced by any alternative strategy that is initially rare. The idea centers around the stability of certain behaviors or traits in a population and how they can endure against competing strategies over time.