Earth tide, also known as solid Earth tide or terrestrial tide, refers to the periodic deformation of the Earth's crust caused primarily by the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun. Similar to ocean tides, which cause the rise and fall of sea levels, Earth tides result in the slight movement and displacement of solid land. The gravitational pull of the Moon, which is much stronger than that of the Sun due to its proximity, causes the Earth's crust to deform.

"Liquid Time" is a concept often associated with the fluid and flexible nature of time in contemporary life, especially in relation to technology, digital communication, and globalization. It suggests that time is no longer experienced in a linear or rigid way but is instead more adaptable, often influenced by the immediacy and availability of information and interactions in the digital age.

A Peregrine soliton is a type of localized wave structure that arises in nonlinear wave equations, particularly in the context of water waves and optical fibers. It is named after the "Peregrine" falcon due to its fleeting and elusive nature. The Peregrine soliton is characterized by its ability to maintain its shape while traveling at a constant speed, and it is considered a prototype of a rogue wave, a phenomenon that is significantly larger than the surrounding waves and often appears suddenly.

Stokes drift refers to the phenomenon in fluid dynamics where particles or fluid elements move in a direction slightly different from that of the wave propagation itself due to the non-linear nature of surface waves. This effect is most commonly observed in ocean waves. In a simplified explanation, as a wave travels through the water, it creates circular or elliptical orbital motions of water particles.

The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) is a test used to evaluate the strength of subgrade soil and its suitability for supporting roads, airfields, and other structures. The test measures the ability of the soil to withstand penetration by a standard piston under controlled moisture and density conditions. The CBR test is performed by comparing the pressure required to penetrate a soil sample with that required to penetrate a standard crushed stone material. The results are expressed as a percentage.

R-value in the context of soils refers to a measure used to evaluate the resistance of soil to deformation and erosion, particularly under load. It is often used in the field of geotechnical engineering to assess the strength and stability of subgrade materials for constructions such as roads, foundations, and earth structures. The R-value is typically determined through a series of tests where soil samples are subjected to loading conditions.

John Wyatt was an English inventor and engineer best known for his innovations in the textile industry during the late 18th century. Born in 1700, he is particularly recognized for inventing the roller spinning machine, which significantly improved the process of spinning cotton. His efforts played a crucial role in the Industrial Revolution, contributing to the efficiency and productivity of textile manufacturing.

"Chikyū" (地球) is the Japanese word for "Earth." It is used in various contexts, including geography, science, and culture, to refer to the planet we inhabit. In discussions about environmental issues, ecology, and global phenomena, "Chikyū" often comes up as a way to emphasize the importance of protecting our planet and understanding its systems. Additionally, the term can also appear in popular culture, literature, and media in Japan.

An earthquake is the shaking or trembling of the Earth's surface caused by the sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere, resulting in seismic waves. This energy release can occur due to various factors, including tectonic plate movements, volcanic activity, or human activities such as mining or reservoir-induced seismicity. Earthquakes are measured using instruments called seismometers, and their intensity and magnitude are quantified using scales such as the Richter scale or the moment magnitude scale (Mw).

Citizen seismology refers to the involvement of non-professional individuals, often referred to as "citizen scientists," in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of seismic data. This movement leverages the enthusiasm and capabilities of volunteers, often using personal technology and devices to contribute to the understanding of earthquakes and seismic activity. Key aspects of citizen seismology include: 1. **Data Collection**: Citizens may use smartphone apps or low-cost sensors to collect seismic data.

The Finnish Reflection Experiment, often referred to in the context of educational research, relates to the educational practices in Finland that emphasize critical thinking, reflection, and holistic learning. Finnish education is notable for its student-centered approach, where reflection plays a significant role in both teaching and learning processes. In general, a reflection experiment in educational settings aims to understand how reflective practices affect learning outcomes, student engagement, and deeper comprehension of material.

A supershear earthquake is a type of seismic event that occurs when the rupture of a fault during an earthquake propagates at a speed greater than the shear wave speed in the Earth's crust. In typical earthquakes, the rupture propagates at sub-shear speeds, which is slower than the speeds of shear waves (those waves that physically displace particles perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation).

The Tornillo event refers to a controversial incident that occurred in the United States in 2018, specifically pertaining to the treatment of migrant children at a detention facility located in Tornillo, Texas. This facility was established as an emergency shelter for unaccompanied minors who had crossed the border into the U.S.

The lithosphere is the outermost layer of the Earth, comprising both the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle. It is characterized by its rigidity and relatively low temperature compared to the underlying layers. The lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates, which are in constant motion due to the convective currents in the semi-fluid asthenosphere beneath it. The lithosphere plays a crucial role in geological processes, including plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanic activity.

Earth's critical zone refers to the thin layer of the Earth’s surface that extends from the top of the vegetation canopy down to the underlying bedrock. This zone is crucial for sustaining life and encompasses various components, including soil, water, air, and living organisms. The critical zone is where complex interactions occur between these elements, influencing processes such as water infiltration, nutrient cycling, and ecosystem dynamics.

In geology, a "hotspot" refers to a location on the Earth's surface that has experienced volcanic activity due to a plume of hot material rising from deep within the mantle. Unlike most volcanism, which is typically associated with tectonic plate boundaries, hotspots can occur in the interior of tectonic plates.

The Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM) is a spherically symmetric model of the Earth's internal structure and composition. Developed by Dziewonski and Anderson in 1981, PREM provides a standard reference for understanding the Earth's physical properties, including density, elastic moduli, and seismic wave velocities as a function of depth. Key features of PREM include: 1. **Radial Variation**: PREM describes how various physical properties change with depth from the Earth's surface to its center.

Sima is a term used in geology to describe the layer of the Earth's crust that is rich in silicate and magnesium minerals. It is an abbreviation derived from "silicate" and "magnesium." Sima primarily constitutes the oceanic crust and is generally found beneath the oceanic lithosphere, where it is composed mostly of basalt and gabbro. In contrast to sima, a term "sial" refers to the continental crust, which is rich in silica and aluminum.

Amado Pineda, also known as "El Amado," is a figure associated with the world of drug trafficking in Mexico. He has gained notoriety in connection with various drug cartels. However, details can vary and change over time, as these situations evolve and new information emerges.

Technetium (99mTc) mebrofenin is a radiopharmaceutical used in medical imaging, specifically in hepatobiliary scanning to assess liver and gallbladder function. It is a complex formed by the radiolabeling of mebrofenin, a compound that is a derivative of iminodiacetic acid (IDA).